| 1. |
- Delios, A., et al.
(författare)
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Examining the generalizability of research findings from archival data
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119:30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This initiative examined systematically the extent to which a large set of archival research findings generalizes across contexts. We repeated the key analyses for 29 original strategic management effects in the same context (direct reproduction) as well as in 52 novel time periods and geographies; 45% of the reproductions returned results matching the original reports together with 55% of tests in different spans of years and 40% of tests in novel geographies. Some original findings were associated with multiple new tests. Reproducibility was the best predictor of generalizability-for the findings that proved directly reproducible, 84% emerged in other available time periods and 57% emerged in other geographies. Overall, only limited empirical evidence emerged for context sensitivity. In a forecasting survey, independent scientists were able to anticipate which effects would find support in tests in new samples.
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| 2. |
- Balter, Leonie J. T., et al.
(författare)
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Intelligence predicts better cognitive performance after normal sleep but larger vulnerability to sleep deprivation
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Sleep Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869. ; 32:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fluid intelligence is seen as a beneficial attribute, protecting against stress and ill-health. Whether intelligence provides resilience to the cognitive effects of insufficient sleep was tested in the current pre-registered experimental study. Participants (N = 182) completed the Raven's test (measuring fluid intelligence) and a normal night of sleep or a night of total sleep deprivation. Sleepiness and four cognitive tests were completed at 22:30 hours (baseline), and the following day after sleep manipulation. At baseline, higher fluid intelligence was associated with faster and more accurate arithmetic calculations, and better episodic memory, but not with spatial working memory, simple attention or sleepiness. Those with higher fluid intelligence were more, not less, impacted by sleep deprivation, evident for arithmetic ability, episodic memory and spatial working memory. We need to establish a more nuanced picture of the benefits of intelligence, where intelligence is not related to cognitive advantages in all situations.
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| 3. |
- Holding, Benjamin C., et al.
(författare)
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Multimodal Emotion Recognition Is Resilient to Insufficient Sleep : Results From Cross-Sectional and Experimental Studies
- 2017
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Ingår i: Sleep. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0161-8105 .- 1550-9109. ; 40:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Insufficient sleep has been associated with impaired recognition of facial emotions. However, previous studies have found inconsistent results, potentially stemming from the type of static picture task used. We therefore examined whether insufficient sleep was associated with decreased emotion recognition ability in two separate studies using a dynamic multimodal task.Methods: Study 1 used a cross-sectional design consisting of 291 participants with questionnaire measures assessing sleep duration and self-reported sleep quality for the previous night. Study 2 used an experimental design involving 181 participants where individuals were quasi-randomized into either a sleep-deprivation (N = 90) or a sleep-control (N = 91) condition. All participants from both studies were tested on the same forced-choice multimodal test of emotion recognition to assess the accuracy of emotion categorization.Results: Sleep duration, self-reported sleep quality (study 1), and sleep deprivation (study 2) did not predict overall emotion recognition accuracy or speed. Similarly, the responses to each of the twelve emotions tested showed no evidence of impaired recognition ability, apart from one positive association suggesting that greater self-reported sleep quality could predict more accurate recognition of disgust (study 1).Conclusions: The studies presented here involve considerably larger samples than previous studies and the results support the null hypotheses. Therefore, we suggest that the ability to accurately categorize the emotions of others is not associated with short-term sleep duration or sleep quality and is resilient to acute periods of insufficient sleep.
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| 4. |
- Holding, Benjamin C., et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying Cognitive Impairment After Sleep Deprivation at Different Times of Day : A Proof of Concept Using Ultra-Short Smartphone-Based Tests
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1662-5153. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cognitive functioning is known to be impaired following sleep deprivation and to fluctuate depending on the time of day. However, most methods of assessing cognitive performance remain impractical for environments outside of the lab. This study investigated whether 2-min smartphone-based versions of commonly used cognitive tests could be used to assess the effects of sleep deprivation and time of day on diverse cognitive functions. After three nights of normal sleep, participants (N = 182) were randomised to either one night of sleep deprivation or a fourth night of normal sleep. Using the Karolinska WakeApp (KWA), participants completed a battery of 2-min cognitive tests, including measures of attention, arithmetic ability, episodic memory, working memory, and a Stroop test for cognitive conflict and behavioural adjustment. A baseline measurement was completed at 22:30 h, followed by three measurements the following day at approximately 08:00 h, 12:30 h, and 16:30 h. Sleep deprivation led to performance impairments in attention, arithmetic ability, episodic memory, and working memory. No effect of sleep deprivation was observed in the Stroop test. There were variations in attention and arithmetic test performance across different times of day. The effect of sleep deprivation on all cognitive tests was also found to vary at different times of day. In conclusion, this study shows that the KWA's 2-min cognitive tests can be used to detect cognitive impairments following sleep deprivation, and fluctuations in cognitive performance relating to time of day. The results demonstrate the potential of using brief smartphone-based tasks to measure a variety of cognitive abilities within sleep and fatigue research.
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| 5. |
- Holding, Benjamin C., et al.
(författare)
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Sleep deprivation and its effects on communication during individual and collaborative tasks
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sleep loss has been shown to cause impairments in a number of aspects central for successful communication, ranging from poorer linguistic comprehension to alterations in speech prosody. However, the effect of sleep loss on actual communication is unknown. This study investigated how a night of sleep deprivation affected performance during multiple tasks designed to test verbal communication. Healthy participants (N = 183) spent 8-9 hours per night in bed for three nights and were then randomised to either one night of total sleep deprivation or a fourth night with 8-9 hours in bed. The following day, participants completed two tasks together with another participant: a model-building task and a word-description task. Differences in performance of these tasks were assessed alongside speaking duration, speaking volume, and speaking volume consistency. Additionally, participants individually completed a verbal fluency assessment. Performance on the model-building task was worse if the model-builder was sleep deprived, whereas sleep deprivation in the instruction-giver predicted an improvement. Word-description, verbal fluency, speech duration, speaking volume, and speaking volume consistency were not affected. The results suggest that sleep deprivation leads to changes in communicative performance during instructive tasks, while simpler word-description tasks appear resilient.
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| 6. |
- Holding, Benjamin C., et al.
(författare)
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Sleepiness, sleep duration, and human social activity : An investigation into bidirectionality using longitudinal time-use data
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 117:35, s. 21209-21217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Daytime sleepiness impairs cognitive ability, but recent evidence suggests it is also an important driver of human motivation and behavior. We aimed to investigate the relationship between sleepiness and a behavior strongly associated with better health: social activity. We additionally aimed to investigate whether a key driver of sleepiness, sleep duration, had a similar relationship with social activity. For these questions, we considered bidirectionality, time of day, and differences between workdays and days off. Over 3 wk, 641 working adults logged their behavior every 30 min, completed a sleepiness scale every 3 h, and filled a sleep diary every morning (rendering >292,000 activity and >70,000 sleepiness datapoints). Using generalized additive mixed-effect models, we analyzed potential nonlinear relationships between sleepiness/sleep duration and social activity. Greater sleepiness predicted a substantial decrease in the probability of social activity (odds ratio 95% CI = 0.34 to 0.35 for days off), as well as a decreased duration of such activity when it did occur. These associations appear especially robust on days off and in the evenings. Social duration moderated the typical time-of-day pattern of sleepiness, with, for example, extended evening socializing associated with lower sleepiness. Sleep duration did not robustly predict next-day social activity. However, extensive social activity (>5 h) predicted up to 30 min shorter subsequent sleep duration. These results indicate that sleepiness is a strong predictor of voluntary decreases in social contact. It is possible that bouts of sleepiness lead to social withdrawal and loneliness, both risk factors for mental and physical ill health.
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| 7. |
- Holding, Benjamin C., et al.
(författare)
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The effect of sleep deprivation on objective and subjective measures of facial appearance
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Sleep Research. - : Wiley. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869. ; 28:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The faces of people who are sleep deprived are perceived by others as looking paler, less healthy and less attractive compared to when well rested. However, there is little research using objective measures to investigate sleep-loss-related changes in facial appearance. We aimed to assess the effects of sleep deprivation on skin colour, eye openness, mouth curvature and periorbital darkness using objective measures, as well as to replicate previous findings for subjective ratings. We also investigated the extent to which these facial features predicted ratings of fatigue by others and could be used to classify the sleep condition of the person. Subjects (n = 181) were randomised to one night of total sleep deprivation or a night of normal sleep (8-9 hr in bed). The following day facial photographs were taken and, in a subset (n = 141), skin colour was measured using spectrophotometry. A separate set of participants (n = 63) later rated the photographs in terms of health, paleness and fatigue. The photographs were also digitally analysed with respect to eye openness, mouth curvature and periorbital darkness. The results showed that neither sleep deprivation nor the subjects' sleepiness was related to differences in any facial variable. Similarly, there was no difference in subjective ratings between the groups. Decreased skin yellowness, less eye openness, downward mouth curvature and periorbital darkness all predicted increased fatigue ratings by others. However, the combination of appearance variables could not be accurately used to classify sleep condition. These findings have implications for both face-to-face and computerised visual assessment of sleep loss and fatigue.
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| 8. |
- Holding, Benjamin C
(författare)
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Too tired to talk? Sleep, fatigue, and social functioning
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sleep has been shown to have many health promoting functions, and is vital for the maintenance of physiological, cognitive, and emotional well-being. Much of what we know about sleep derives from studies showing what happens when individuals do not obtain sufficient sleep. A number of such studies have shown that sleep may also be vital for one of the key drivers of human dominance - our ability to be social. The overall aim of this thesis is to advance our knowledge of the relationship between sleep and social functioning, specifically focusing on the short-term effects of insufficient sleep, poor sleep quality, and related states such as sleepiness and fatigue, on our ability to perform a number of socially vital behaviours and functions. Paper I longitudinally investigated potential bidirectional relationships between sleepiness/sleep and the amount of social activity individuals engage in. This paper followed 681 participants who completed a time-use questionnaire over three weeks requiring individuals to report their activity every 30 minutes. Participants also completed the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) six times per day and the Karolinska Sleep Diary (KSD) each morning. Activity categorised as ‘social activity’ was counted and its association to sleepiness and sleep duration was analysed. We observed that higher sleepiness predicted a decrease in probability of conducting social activity in the near future and a decrease in the duration of social activity. Sleep duration did not predict next day social activity. In the opposite direction, we found that social activity moderated the association between time-of- day and sleepiness. Additionally, an increase in the total amount of socialising per day predicted that individuals would sleep less subsequently. The study has implications for understanding the dynamic role of sleep in human social behaviour and suggests that sleepiness, likely due to decreased social motivation, may hinder the maintenance of a healthy social life. Paper II employed an experimental sleep deprivation paradigm to investigate the effect of acute sleep loss on communication ability. Participants were randomised to either one night of total sleep deprivation (N = 91) or normal sleep (N = 92). The following day, communication ability was assessed via performance in two collaborative tasks with a partner (a model-building task and a word-description task). During these collaborative tasks, aspects of speech prosody were also measured (speaking duration, speaking volume, and speaking volume consistency). Participants additionally completed individual verbal fluency assessments. Performance on the model-building task was worse if the model-builder was sleep deprived, whereas the sleep deprivation appeared to boost performance in the instruction-giver. All other aspects measured seem unaffected by sleep loss. The results suggest that sleep deprivation leads to changes in communicative performance during longer instructive tasks, while simpler word-description tasks appear resilient. Paper III assessed whether sleep deprivation leads to changes in facial appearance. Subjects (same data collection as Paper II; sleep deprived = 91, normal sleep = 90) were photographed and their skin tone was measured using a spectrophotometer. Using the photographs, the degree of eye-openness, mouth curvature, and periorbital darkness was calculated. A separate sample of raters (N = 63) judged the appearance of subjects using the facial photographs in three dimensions: paleness, fatigue, and healthiness. The results did not reveal any evidence of changes in facial appearance following sleep deprivation, in neither objective nor subjective measurements. However, decreased skin yellowness, less eye openness, downward mouth curvature, and periorbital darkness all predicted how fatigued individuals were rated by others. These results exemplify the difficulty of assessing fatigue from facial features alone. Paper IV examined whether sleep was related to cognitive empathy ability. Study 1 (N = 291) investigates the effect of normal variation in sleep duration and sleep quality on our ability to recognise and categorise the emotional state of others. Study 2 (same data collection as Papers II and III; sleep deprived = 90, normal sleep = 91) investigated whether one night of total sleep deprivation impacted the ability to recognise and categorise the emotional state of others. Both studies tested performance on a multimodal forced-choice task of emotion recognition, where participants had to correctly categorise an actor-portrayed emotion on screen. Self-reported sleep duration/quality (Study 1), and sleep deprivation (Study 2) did not predict overall emotion recognition accuracy. Follow-up tests found no emotion-specific effects, apart from one positive association suggesting that greater self-reported sleep quality could predict more accurate recognition of disgust (Study 1). The combination of these studies suggests that the ability to accurately categorise the emotions of others is resilient to acute periods of insufficient sleep. In summary, the work in this thesis has combined different study designs and data-sources to investigate the relationship between sleep and social functioning, as well as the influence of related states such as sleepiness and fatigue. We find evidence that social motivation and communication depends on aspects of sleep, while facial appearance and cognitive empathy appear resilient. This thesis therefore exemplifies the complex relationship between sleep and social functioning, while providing exciting directions for future research.
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| 9. |
- Härdelin, Goran, et al.
(författare)
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Do Mothers Have Worse Sleep Than Fathers? Sleep Imbalance, Parental Stress, and Relationship Satisfaction in Working Parents
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature and Science of Sleep. - 1179-1608. ; 13, s. 1955-1966
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Previous research indicates that mothers take a larger responsibility for child care during the night and that they have more disturbed sleep than fathers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether such a sleep imbalance exists in working parents of young children, and the extent to which it depends on the way sleep is measured. The study also examined whether imbalanced sleep between parents predicts parental stress and relationship satisfaction.Methods: Sleep was measured for seven consecutive days in 60 parenting couples (average age of the youngest child: 3.3 years ± SD 2.5 years). Actigraphs were worn across the week, and ratings of sleep, parental stress, and relationship satisfaction were made daily.Results: Mothers perceived their sleep quality as worse (b= − 0.38 scale units, p< 0.001), with more wake periods (b= +0.96 awakenings, p< 0.001) but with longer sleep duration (b= +32.4 min, p< 0.01) than fathers. Actigraphy data confirmed that mothers slept longer than fathers (b= +28.03 min, p< 0.001), but no significant differences were found for wake time, number of awakenings or who woke up first during shared awakenings. Furthermore, there was no difference in whether mothers and fathers slept sufficiently. The level of sleep imbalance between parents did not predict parental stress. A larger imbalance in subjective sleep sufficiency predicted decreased relationship satisfaction for fathers (b= − 0.13 scale units, p< 0.01) but increased relationship satisfaction for mothers (b= 0.14 scale units, p< 0.05). No other sleep imbalance measures predicted relationship satisfaction.Conclusion: Our findings are in line with previous research on sleep in men and women in general, with longer sleep and subjective reports of sleep disturbances in women, rather than previous research on sleep in parents of young children. Thus, we found no evidence of a sleep imbalance when both parents have similar working responsibilities.
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| 10. |
- Sundelin, Tina, et al.
(författare)
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Sleep and Social Impressions
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sleep, Personality, and Social Behavior. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030306274 - 9783030306281 ; , s. 119-133
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impression you form of someone depends on your attention, motivations, and previous experiences, as well as that person’s appearance and actions. In other words, social perception, or how we perceive others, is a two-way street involving the person perceiving and the person being perceived. As sleep may play a role in both of these processes, this chapter looks at the effects of sleep on how you perceive other people as well as how you are perceived by them. With topics ranging from first impressions and emotion recognition to stereotyping and trust, we provide an overview of the current literature on sleep and social impressions, and discuss possibilities and potential pitfalls of future research in this area.
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