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- Holm, Linus, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Looking as if you know : Systematic object inspection precedes object recognition
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Vision. - : Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO). - 1534-7362. ; :4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sometimes we seem to look at the very object we are searching for, without consciously seeing it. How do we select object relevant information before we become aware of the object? We addressed this question in two recognition experiments involving pictures of fragmented objects. In Experiment 1, participants preferred to look at the target object rather than a control region 25 fixations prior to explicit recognition. Furthermore, participants inspected the target as if they had identified it around 9 fixations prior to explicit recognition. In Experiment 2, we investigated the influence of semantic knowledge in guiding object inspection prior to explicit recognition. Consistently, more specific knowledge about target identity made participants scan the fragmented stimulus more efficiently. For instance, non-target regions were rejected faster when participants knew the target object's name. Both experiments showed that participants were looking at the objects as if they knew them before they became aware of their identity.
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| 2. |
- Ekbom, Emil, et al.
(författare)
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Asthma and treatment with inhaled corticosteroids: associations with hospitalisations with pneumonia
- 2019
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Ingår i: Bmc Pulmonary Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2466. ; 19:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. COPD patients using inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have an increased risk of pneumonia, but less is known about whether ICS treatment in asthma also increases the risk of pneumonia. The aim of this analysis was to examine risk factors for hospitalisations with pneumonia in a general population sample with special emphasis on asthma and the use of ICS in asthmatics. Methods: In 1999 to 2000, 7340 subjects aged 28 to 54 years from three Swedish centres completed a brief health questionnaire. This was linked to information on hospitalisations with pneumonia from 2000 to 2010 and treatment with ICS from 2005 to 2010 held within the Swedish National Patient Register and the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. Results: Participants with asthma (n = 587) were more likely to be hospitalised with pneumonia than participants without asthma (Hazard Ratio (HR 3.35 (1.97-5.02)). Other risk factors for pneumonia were smoking (HR 1.93 (1.22-3.06)), BMI < 20 kg/m(2) (HR 2.74 (1.41-5.36)) or BMI > 30 kg/m(2) (HR 2.54 (1.39-4.67)). Asthmatics (n = 586) taking continuous treatment with fluticasone propionate were at an increased risk of being hospitalized with pneumonia (incidence risk ratio (IRR) 7.92 (2.32-27.0) compared to asthmatics that had not used fluticasone propionate, whereas no significant association was found with the use of budesonide (IRR 1.23 (0.36-4.20)). Conclusion: Having asthma is associated with a three times higher risk of being hospitalised for pneumonia. This analysis also indicates that there are intraclass differences between ICS compounds with respect to pneumonia risk, with an increased risk of pneumonia related to fluticasone propionate.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Holm, Linus, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Episodic curiosity for avoiding asteroids : Per-trial information gain for choice outcomes drive information seeking
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humans often appear to desire information for its own sake, but it is presently unclear what drives this desire. The important role that resolving uncertainty plays in stimulating information seeking has suggested a tight coupling between the intrinsic motivation to gather information and performance gains, construed as a drive for long-term learning. Using an asteroid-avoidance game that allows us to study learning and information seeking at an experimental time-scale, we show that the incentive for information-seeking can be separated from a long-term learning outcome, with information-seeking best predicted by per-trial outcome uncertainty. Specifically, participants were more willing to take time penalties to receive feedback on trials with increasing uncertainty in the outcome of their choices. We found strong group and individual level support for a linear relationship between feedback request rate and information gain as determined by per-trial outcome uncertainty. This information better reflects filling in the gaps of the episodic record of choice outcomes than long-term skill acquisition or assessment. Our results suggest that this easy to compute quantity can drive information-seeking, potentially allowing simple organisms to intelligently gather information for a diverse episodic record of the environment without having to anticipate the impact on future performance.
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| 5. |
- Holm, Linus, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Intelligence and temporal accuracy of behaviour : unique and shared associations with reaction time and motor timing
- 2011
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Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 214:2, s. 175-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intelligence is associated with accuracy in a wide range of timing tasks. One source of such associations is likely to be individual differences in top-down control, e.g. sustained attention, that influence performance in both temporal tasks and other cognitively controlled behaviors. In addition, we have studied relations between intelligence and a simple rhythmic motor task, isochronous serial interval production (ISIP), and found a substantial component of that relation, which is independent of fluctuations in top-down control. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate whether such bottom-up mechanisms are involved also in the relation between intelligence and reaction time (RT) tasks. We thus investigated if common variance between the ISIP and RT tasks underlies their respective associations with intelligence. 112 participants performed a simple RT task, a choice RT task and the ISIP task. Intelligence was assessed with the Raven SPM Plus. The analysed timing variables included mean and variability in the RT tasks and two variance components in the ISIP task. As predicted, RT and ISIP variables were associated with intelligence. The timing variables were positively intercorrelated and a principal component analysis revealed a substantial first principal component that was strongly related to all timing variables, and positively correlated with intelligence. Furthermore, a commonality analysis demonstrated that the relations between intelligence and the timing variables involved a commonality between the timing variables as well as unique contributions from choice RT and ISIP. We discuss possible implications of these findings, and argue that they support our main hypothesis, i.e. that relations between intelligence and RT tasks have a bottom-up component.
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| 6. |
- Holm, Linus, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Memory for scenes : refixations reflect retrieval
- 2007
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Ingår i: Memory & Cognition. - : EBSCO. - 0090-502X .- 1532-5946. ; 35:7, s. 1664-1674
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most conceptions of episodic memory hold that reinstatement of encoding operations is essential for retrieval success, but the specific mechanisms of retrieval reinstatement are not well understood. In three experiments, we used saccadic eye movements as a window for examining reinstatement in scene recognition. In Experiment 1, participants viewed complex scenes, while number of study fixations was controlled by using a gaze-contingent paradigm. In Experiment 2, effects of stimulus saliency were minimized by directing participants’ eye movements during study. At test, participants made remember/know judgments for each recognized stimulus scene. Both experiments showed that remember responses were associated with more consistent study-test fixations than false rejections (Experiments 1 and 2) and know responses (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, we examined the causal role of gaze consistency on retrieval by manipulating participants’ expectations during recognition. After studying name and scene pairs, each test scene was preceded by the same or different name as during study. Participants made more consistent eye movements following a matching, rather than mismatching, scene name. Taken together, these findings suggest that explicit recollection is a function of perceptual reconstruction and that event memory influences gaze control in this active reconstruction process.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Holm, Linus, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Object learning improves feature extraction but does not improve feature selection
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public library of science. - 1932-6203. ; 7:12, s. e51325-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A single glance at your crowded desk is enough to locate your favorite cup. But finding an unfamiliar object requires more effort. This superiority in recognition performance for learned objects has at least two possible sources. For familiar objects observers might: 1) select more informative image locations upon which to fixate their eyes, or 2) extract more information from a given eye fixation. To test these possibilities, we had observers localize fragmented objects embedded in dense displays of random contour fragments. Eight participants searched for objects in 600 images while their eye movements were recorded in three daily sessions. Performance improved as subjects trained with the objects: The number of fixations required to find an object decreased by 64% across the 3 sessions. An ideal observer model that included measures of fragment confusability was used to calculate the information available from a single fixation. Comparing human performance to the model suggested that across sessions information extraction at each eye fixation increased markedly, by an amount roughly equal to the extra information that would be extracted following a 100% increase in functional field of view. Selection of fixation locations, on the other hand, did not improve with practice.
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| 9. |
- Holm, Linus, 1978-
(författare)
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Predictive eyes precede retrieval : visual recognition as hypothesis testing
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Does visual recognition entail verifying an idea about what is perceived? This question was addressed in the three studies of this thesis. The main hypothesis underlying the investigation was that visual recognition is an active process involving hypothesis testing. Recognition of faces (Study 1), scenes (Study 2) and objects (Study 3) was investigated using eye movement registration as a window on the recognition process. In Study 1, a functional relationship between eye movements and face recognition was established. Restricting the eye movements reduced recognition performance. In addition, perceptual reinstatement as indicated by eye movement consistency across study and test was related to recollective experience at test. Specifically, explicit recollection was related to higher eye movement consistency than familiarity-based recognition and false rejections (Studies 1-2). Furthermore, valid expectations about a forthcoming stimulus scene produced eye movements which were more similar to those of an earlier study episode, compared to invalid expectations (Study 2). In Study 3 participants recognized fragmented objects embedded in nonsense fragments. Around 8 seconds prior to explicit recognition, participants began to fixate the object region rather than a similar control region in the stimulus pictures. Before participants’ indicated awareness of the object, they fixated it with an average of 9 consecutive fixations. Hence, participants were looking at the object as if they had recognized it before they became aware of its identity. Furthermore, prior object information affected eye movement sampling of the stimulus, suggesting that semantic memory was involved in guiding the eyes during object recognition even before the participants were aware of its presence. Collectively, the studies support the view that gaze control is instrumental to visual recognition performance and that visual recognition is an interactive process between memory representation and information sampling.
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| 10. |
- Holm, Linus, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Reliable retrieval is intrinsically rewarding : recency, item difficulty, study session memory, and subjective confidence predict satisfaction in word-pair recall
- 2023
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 18:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recall of a distant memory may appear satisfying and suggest successful retrieval is inherently rewarding. If the brain incentivizes retrieval attempts on the prospect of an internal retrieval reward, then the desire for that reward might natively reinforce declarative memory access. But what determines the level of retrieval satisfaction? We tested the idea that retrieval attempt uncertainty drives retrieval satisfaction. For instance, the more distant the memory, the more satisfying should it be to successfully retrieve it. Alternatively, the brain issues rewards based on the level of confidence in recall independent of the recall achievement. If so, then more confident retrieval is also more satisfying. In an online experiment containing five Swahili-English word pair study sessions spaced across one week, we tested 30 English-speaking participants’ recall satisfaction and memory confidence during learning as well as in a final cued recall test. We hypothesized that retrieval satisfaction should either increase or decrease with retrieval uncertainty as indicated by time since encoding, and how little in overall they recalled from the session. We found that retrieval satisfaction decreased with time since encoding and with study session retrieval performance. Moreover, we found that retrieval confidence and satisfaction ratings were highly related in the experiment. We also found a reliable interaction between confidence and word difficulty indicating that confidently recalled difficult items induced more satisfaction. Thus, the brain appears to reward both retrieval confidence and to a lesser extent, fruitful retrieval effort. Our findings may explain seemingly irrational self-regulated study behavior such as avoiding learning-efficient but difficult training protocols, as effects of a system rationally seeking to accrue intrinsic cognitive reward.
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