| 1. |
- Holmgren, Johan, 1977-
(författare)
-
A strategy for increased public transport usage : The effects of implementing a welfare maximizing policy
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Research in Transportation Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0739-8859 .- 1875-7979. ; 48, s. 221-226
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For a long time public transport has experienced a struggle against rising costs and increasing car ownership. So far, public transport appears to be on the losing side in terms of market shares. The aim if this paper is to investigate if a different policy could result in higher public transport usage and improved social welfare. In order to achieve this, a model, explaining public transport usage, public transport supply and costs, is estimated. The model is then used in order to simulate the outcome of an alternative policy of social welfare maximization. It is found that the current policy of the Swedish transport is not efficient in terms of maximizing welfare. In 2011, public transport fares should have been lower in 20 of 21 counties and the supply of vehicle kilometres should have been higher in 17 of 21 counties. Implementing a welfare maximizing policy would have increased the number of trips per capita by 17.2% in 2011 and by an average of 6.7% for the period 1986-2011.
|
|
| 2. |
- Holmgren, Johan, 1977-
(författare)
-
A strategy for increasing public transport market share : an investigation of an alternative development
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Thredbo 13 - The 13th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fora long time public transport has experienced a struggle against rising costsand increasing car ownership. So far, public transport appears to be on the losingside in terms of market shares. The aim if this paper is to investigate if adifferent policy could result in higher public transport usage and improvedsocial welfare. In order to achieve this, a model, explaining public transportusage, public transport supply and costs, is estimated. The model is then usedin order to simulate the outcome of an alternative policy of social welfaremaximization. It is found that the current policy of the Swedish transport isnot efficient in terms of maximizing welfare. Implementing a welfare maximizingpolicy would have increased the number of trips per capita by 12.5 per cent in2011.
|
|
| 3. |
- Holmgren, Johan, 1977-
(författare)
-
An analysis of the determinants of local public transport demand focusing the effects of income changes
- 2013
-
Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 5:2, s. 101-107
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: In order for public transport to be a part of the solution to the environmental problems caused by traffic, there need to be a clear understanding of how, and to whatextent, different factors affect demand. There still seem to be some confusion regarding some key relationships, one of them being the effect of income on public transport demand. The purpose of this article is therefore to provide empirical estimates of how different factors, including price and car ownership (although income being the main issue), affect the demand for local public transport.Methods: In order to achieve the aim of the study, an econometric FD-model, allowing for unobserved effects, was estimated using panel data from Swedish counties from1986 to 2001.Results: The short-run (direct) elasticity with respect to fare, vehicle-kilometres, income and car ownership were found to be −0,4, 0,55, 0,34, and −1,37 respectively. However, income affects public transport demand directly, and through its effect on car ownership, these effects works in opposite direction. Combining these, it is found that total income effect is close to zero.Conclusions: It is concluded that, although the findings of several previous studies suggests that demand for public transport might be falling with increased income, there is no evidence of such effects in this study even when the full effect of changes in income (including changes in car ownership) is taken into account.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Holmgren, Johan, 1977-
(författare)
-
Demand and Supply of Public Transport : The Problem of Cause and Effect
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport. - Sydney : Elsevier. - 0080445802 - 9780080445809 ; , s. 405-421
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 1989 the late Prof Michael Beesley and Prof David Hensher convened a workshop of an invitational group of academics, transport operators and government regulators to review and report on the recent reforms in the British bus sector. The workshop was held in Thredbo, Australia. At the time this was a once off activity. Its success was such that it spawned a series of biannual conferences (now known as the Thredbo series) held in Finland (1991), Canada (1993), New Zealand (1995), England (1997), South Africa (1999), Norway (2001), Brasil (2003) and Portugal (2005). The conference series attracts a unique mix of researchers and practitioners with the common aim to share their experiences throughout the world on topics related to the institutional reform of land passenger transport (especially bus, rail and ferry). The focus is on workshops and plenary sessions in which participants are engaged in intense discussions that lead to the production of workshop reports that set the agenda for reform for the next period between the conferences. In the past workshop reports have been published in a major international journal and selected papers in special issues of journals.The growing number of citations of the material from the thredbo series has motivated this book, providing an opportunity to bring together in one volume the best papers from the conference plus the workshop reports. All chapters have been peer refereed. The themes in this volume (the first in a new series) include competition and regulation, contract specifications (especially performance-based contracts), regulatory and planning tools, institutional frameworks, service quality and pricing and performance data and measurement. Within one volume we provide a comprehensive update and review of the reform programs throughout the world in the land passenger transport sector. The volume is edited by Professor David Hensher, co-founder of the series and a recognized world authority in the field. It is the most current global assessment of reforms in land passenger transport. It contains papers written by those who influence policy and institutional reform in over 20 countries. It presents a comprehensive statement of the successes and failures in public transport reform. Many of the authors are regarded as the leading authorities in the field.The case studies throughout the world are not available in any other single source.
|
|
| 6. |
- Holmgren, Johan, 1977-
(författare)
-
Demand and supply of public transport : The problem of cause and effect
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Thredbo 8, Rio De Janeiro, September 2003. - : Elsevier. - 9780080445809
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When modelling public transport demand vehicle-kilometres is often included among the explanatory variables and the possibility of a twoway relationship between the variables is often ignored. The purpose of this article is to examine the causal relationship between public transport demand and the supply of vehicle-kilometres. A granger causality test is applied to panel data from Swedish counties ranging from 1986 to 2001 and it is found that while vehicle-kilometres do cause patronage, patronage also cause vehicle-kilometres. Hence, there is a two way relationship between the variables that should be considered when estimating demand models.
|
|
| 7. |
- Holmgren, Johan, 1977-
(författare)
-
Estimating and evaluating the efficiency of public transport operations
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Thredbo 12 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport. ; , s. 51-63
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of public transport operations undertaken in Swedish counties by the public transport authorities (PTA) taking into account the substantial differences in operating conditions between counties. The analysis will be performed through Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) where yearly from 1986 to 2009 from 26 Swedish counties is used in order to estimate a cost frontier and analyse how the efficiency of the individual counties change over time. The results are used in order to provide a ranking (in terms of efficiency) of the Swedish public transport authorities that can provide a basis for benchmarking. It is concluded that the efficiency of the public transport providers fell in all counties during the observed time period. Defining cost efficiency as the ratio of minimum cost to observed cost, the overall (average) cost efficiency for the industry fell from 85,7 % during the eighties to 60,4 % during the period 2000 – 2009.
|
|
| 8. |
- Holmgren, Johan, 1977-
(författare)
-
Local public transport demand revisited
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order for public transport to be a part of the solution to the environmental problems caused by traffic there need to be a clear understanding of how, and to what extent, different factors affect demand. Much effort has gone into research in this area but there still seem to be some confusion regarding some key relationships, one of them being the effect of income on public transport demand. The purpose of this article is therefore to provide empirical estimates of how different factors, including price, income and car ownership, affect the demand for local public transport. Income affects public transport demand directly, and trough its effect on car ownership, these effects works in opposite direction. Combining these it is found that total income effect is close to zero.
|
|
| 9. |
- Holmgren, Johan, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Making headway towards a better understanding of service frequency valuations : a study of how the relative valuation of train service frequency and in-vehicle time vary with traveller characteristics
- 2014
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Transport Economics. - Pisa, Italy : Fabrizio Serra Editore. - 0303-5247 .- 1724-2185. ; 41:1, s. 109-129
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On-going urbanization has led to greater distances between homes and workplaces and more long-distance commuting, increasing the need for efficient inter-urban transport infrastructure. For sustainability, trains are preferred to private cars.Two key variables affecting door-to-door train travel time are in-vehicle time (IVT) and headway ; however, there is often a trade-off between speed and frequency in a system. If different categories of travellers value IVT and headway differently, their proportions on a route should affect traffic planning. Optimal system design might differ between routes carrying many commuters and routes carrying mainly passengers on single private or business trips. Knowledge of differences in relative valuations of headway versus IVT should therefore affect railway system design.We investigate whether the relative values of headway versus IVT differ between inter- urban commuting by train and single inter-urban trips by train, whilst also examining differences between socioeconomic groups. Stated choice (SC) data from 580 Swedish respondents are used in estimation. Individuals actually commuting and individuals not commuting but imagining that they are when answering the SC questions are asked about their preferences for headway versus IVT.Commuters are estimated to value increased headway 19 percentage points more than do non-commuters. Young people (under age 21 years) value headway more than do older people while people with children value headway less than do the childless.
|
|
| 10. |
- Holmgren, Johan, 1977-
(författare)
-
Meta-analysis of public transport demand
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 41:10, s. 1021-1035
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study uses meta-regression in order to explain the wide variation in elasticity estimates obtained in previous demand studies, and provide summaries of several bus demand elasticities.One important finding as to the price elasticity is that the often cited rule of thumb of −0.3 holds good if quality of service represented by vehicle-kilometres is treated as an exogenous variable, but not when it is treated as endogenous.Based on the results it is recommended that demand models should include car ownership, price of petrol, own price, income and some measure of service among the explanatory variables and that the service variable should be treated as endogenous.In previous meta-studies in this field focus has been on own price elasticity only while this study also includes elasticities with respect to, level of service, income, price of petrol and car ownership. The short run for the US are found to be −0.59, 1.05, −0.62, 0.4 and −1.48 respectively.
|
|
