| 1. |
- Alpermann, Theodor, et al.
(författare)
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Confocal laser microspectroscopic Rabi-flopping study of an iron oxide emitter surface used for Rydberg matter generation.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1386-1425. ; 67:3-4, s. 877-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rydberg matter (RM) is a novel metal-like material in the form of electronically excited clusters of atoms (e.g. K and H) or molecules (e.g. H(2)). It is used as the inverted laser medium for IR in the RM laser. RM has recently been formed in its lowest state, which is proposed to be metallic hydrogen [Energy and Fuels 19 (2005) 2235]. An emitter material (K-doped iron oxide catalyst) that forms RM is studied by a specialized spectroscopic method, needed to detect the Rydberg states on the emitter surface. The spectroscopic method is phase-delay Rabi-flopping; it gives spectra from the time delay due to the periodic motion of the optical nutation vector. The formation of Rydberg species in the form of complexes K*-M (M a general small molecule) and (K-M)* is studied. So-called avoided transitions in K(+) ions are detected, of the same type as observed as transitions in the RM laser by stimulated emission. The formation and detection of Rydberg complexes containing H and H(2) is of great interest for metallic hydrogen production. Complexes with M=CH(2), H(2)O (or OH), CHO, H(2) and M'H are observed. Avoided transitions in RM clusters K(N)(*) are also identified. The identification of H containing Rydberg complexes on the surface indicates that metallic hydrogen is formed by the same cluster desorption route as other RM clusters.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Patrik U, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Cluster ions DN + ejected from dense and ultra-dense deuterium by Coulomb explosions: Fragment rotation and D+ backscattering from ultra-dense clusters in the surface phase
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1387-3806. ; 310, s. 32-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The two forms of condensed atomic deuterium, dense deuterium D(1) and ultra-dense deuterium D(−1), can be studied by laser-induced Coulomb explosion time-of-flight mass spectrometry and neutral timeof- flight. In the present study pulsed laser intensity below 1014W cm−2 is used. Cluster ions DN + from D(1) are observed with N = 3, 4, 12 and 17, thus not in close-packed forms. Clusters DN(1) are mainly in the form of chains of D2 and D3 groups, a shape derived from the D(−1) material which D(1) is spontaneously converted to. Only atomic ions D+ with initial kinetic energy of hundreds of eV are observed from D(−1). Half of these ions are ejected from the emitter surface, half of them penetrate into the ultra-dense D(−1) layer on the emitter surface. This second half of the ions is reflected completely from the surface layer formed by ultra-dense D(−1) strongly bonded clusters D3(−1) and D4(−1).
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Patrik U, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Deuteron energy of 15 MK in ultra-dense deuterium without plasma formation: Temperature of the interior of the Sun
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physics Letters A. - 0375-9601. ; 374:28, s. 2856-2860
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deuterons are released with kinetic energy up to 630 eV from ultra-dense deuterium as shown previously, by Coulomb explosions initiated by ns laser pulses at < 1011 Wcm−2. With higher laser intensity at < 1014 Wcm−2, the initial kinetic energy now observed by TOF-MS with variable acceleration energy is up to 1100 eV per deuteron. This indicates ejection of one deuteron by Coulomb repulsion from two stationary charges in the material. It proves a full kinetic energy release of 1260 eV or a deuteron temperature of 15 MK, similar to the temperature in the interior of the Sun. Plasma processes are excluded by the sharp TOF peaks observed and by the slow signal variation with laser intensity. Deuterons with even higher energy from multiple charge repulsion are probably detected. D + D fusion processes are expected to exist in the ultra-dense phase without plasma formation.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Patrik U, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient source for the production of ultradense deuterium D(-1) for laser-induced fusion (ICF)
- 2011
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Ingår i: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AIP Publishing. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel source which simplifies the study of ultradense deuterium D(-1) is now described. This means one step further toward deuterium fusion energy production. The source uses internal gas feed and D(-1) can now be studied without time-of-flight spectral overlap from the related dense phase D(1). The main aim here is to understand the material production parameters, and thus a relatively weak laser with focused intensity ≤1012 W cm−2 is employed for analyzing the D(-1) material. The properties of the D(-1) material at the source are studied as a function of laser focus position outside the emitter, deuterium gas feed, laser pulse repetition frequency and laser power, and temperature of the source. These parameters influence the D(-1) cluster size, the ionization mode, and the laser fragmentation patterns.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Patrik U, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Fast atoms and negative chain-cluster fragments from laser-induced Coulomb explosions in a super-fluid film of ultra-dense deuterium D(-1)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Physica Scripta. - : IOP Publishing. - 0031-8949 .- 1402-4896. ; 86:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fragments from laser-induced Coulomb explosions (CE) in a thin super-fluid film of ultra-dense deuterium D(-1) on a vertical surface are now observed by both negative and positive time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The so-called normal phase of the super-fluid is probably associated with D-4 clusters and gives only neutral atomic fragments with a kinetic energy from the CE of 945 eV. The super-fluid phase is associated with long chain clusters D-2N with N deuteron pairs and gives cluster fragments by CE mainly with a kinetic energy of 315 eV from the central cleavage in a neutral, positive or negative form. This indicates that the chain clusters are standing perpendicularly to the surface. The fragment charge state is influenced by the external field, which indicates efficient charge transfer processes.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Patrik U, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Fusion Generated Fast Particles by Laser Impact on Ultra-Dense Deuterium: Rapid Variation with Laser Intensity
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Fusion Energy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0164-0313 .- 1572-9591. ; 31, s. 249-256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nuclear fusion D+D processes are studied by nanosecond pulsed laser interaction with ultra-dense deuterium. This material has a density of 1029 cm-3 as shown in several previous publications. Laser power is \2 W (0.2 J pulses) and laser intensity is\1014 W cm-2 in the 5–10 lm wide beam waist. Particle detection by time-offlight energy analysis with plastic scintillators is used. Metal foils in the particle flux to the detector remove slow ions, and make it possible to convert and count particles with energy well above 1 MeV. The variation of the signal of MeV particles from D?D fusion is measured as a function of laser power. At relatively weak laser-emitter interaction, the particle signal from the laser focus varies as the square of the laser power. This indicates collisions in the ultra-dense deuterium of two fast deuterons released by Coulomb explosions. During experiments with stronger laser-emitter interaction, the signal varies approximately as the sixth power of the laser power, indicating a plasma process. At least 2 9 106 particles are created by each laser pulse at the maximum intensity used. Our results indicate break-even in fusion at a laser pulse energy of 1 J with the same focusing, in approximate agreement with theoretical results for ignition conditions in ultra-dense deuterium. Radiation loss at high temperature will however require higher laser energy at break-even.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Patrik U, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Search for Superconductivity in Ultra-dense Deuterium D(-1) at Room Temperature: Depletion of D(-1) at Field Strength > 0.05 T
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1557-1939 .- 1557-1947. ; 25:4, s. 873-882
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultra-dense deuterium D(-1) is expected to be both a superfluid and a superconductor as shown by recent theoretical research. Condensed D(-1) can be deposited on surfaces by a source which produces a stream of clusters. A magnetic field strongly influences the type of material formed. Very little of D(-1) and of the form D(1), which is strongly coupled to D(-1), exists on the magnet surface or within several mm from the magnet surface. Even the formation of D(-1) on the source emitter is strongly influenced by a magnetic field, with a critical field strength in the range 0.03-0.07 T. Higher excitation levels D(2) and D(3) dominate in a magnetic field. The excitation level D(2) is now observed for the first time. The removal of D(-1) and D(1) in strong magnetic fields is proposed to be due to a Meissner effect in long D(-1) clusters by large-orbit electron motion. The lifting of long D(-1) clusters above the magnet surface is slightly larger than expected, possibly due to the coupling to D(1). The previously reported oscillation between D(-1) and D(1) in an electric field is proposed to be due to destruction of D(-1).
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Patrik U, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Superfluid ultra-dense deuterium D(-1) at room temperature
- 2011
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Ingår i: Physics Letters A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0375-9601. ; 375, s. 1344-1347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultra-dense deuterium D(−1) is expected to be both superfluid and superconductive. It is deposited on surfaces below a novel source producing a stream of D(−1) clusters. It is studied by laser probing and Coulomb explosions giving cluster fragments which are observed by time-of-flight measurements. It is observed on surfaces at a few cm height above the container below the source, and on the outside of the container. D(−1) is detected above a 1 cm long vertical capillary in vacuum (fountain effect). This suggests the existence of superfluid D(−1) which is the only material that may be superfluid at room temperature.
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| 9. |
- Andersson, Patrik U, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Ultra-dense deuterium: A possible nuclear fuel for inertial confinement fusion (ICF)
- 2009
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Ingår i: Physics Letters A. ; 373, s. 3067-3070
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ejection of deuterons with kinetic energy release (KER) of 630 eV was proved recently by measuring the laser-induced ion time-of-flight (TOF-MS) with two different detectors at different distances [S. Badiei, P.U. Andersson, L. Holmlid, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 282 (2009) 70]. Realizing that the only possible energy release mechanism is Coulomb explosions, the D–D distance in the ultra-dense deuterium was determined to be constant at 2.3 pm. Using a long TOF-MS path now gives improved resolution. We show the strong effect of collisions in the ultra-dense material, and demonstrate that the kinetic energy of the ions increases with laser pulse power but that the number of ions formed is independent of the laser pulse power. This indicates special properties of the material. We also show that the two forms of condensed deuterium D(1) and D(−1) can be observed simultaneously as well resolved mass spectra of different forms. No intermediate bond lengths are observed. The two forms of deuterium are stable and well separated in bond length. We suggest that they switch rapidly back and forth as predicted by theory. A loosely built form with planar clusters of D(1) is observed here to be related to D(−1) formation.
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| 10. |
- Badiei, Shahriar, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Atomic hydrogen in condensed form produced by a catalytic process: A future energy-rich fuel?
- 2005
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 19:6, s. 2235-2239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel method is described for producing an atomic hydrogen material at low pressure, thus far only in microscopic amounts. Hydrogen gas is absorbed in a K-promoted iron oxide catalyst (a hydrogen-abstraction catalyst) and desorbs as clusters containing H atoms at low pressure and at a temperature of < 900 K. The clusters are of the Rydberg matter (RM) type and de-excite from their initial excited state to their lowest state of excitation with a final interatomic distance of 150 pm, which is measured in the experiments. The atomic hydrogen material thus formed is concluded to be metallic by comparison with shock-wave compression experiments. A reliable value of the atomic binding energy is not known from experiments, but a theoretical tentative value for the bonding distance of 150 pin is 163 kJ mol(-1). With such a binding energy, the H(RM) or H(l) material has the highest energy content of any fuel (except nuclear fuel) at 175 MJ kg(-1) and a density of 0.5-0.7 kg dm(-3) depending upon the exact structure. The stability against transformation to hydrogen gas is not known but may be sufficient for many applications. Thus, atomic condensed hydrogen may become an important future energy carrier.
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