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- Fretwell, P., et al.
(författare)
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Bedmap2 : improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Cryosphere. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1994-0416 .- 1994-0424. ; 7:1, s. 375-393
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present Bedmap2, a new suite of gridded products describing surface elevation, ice-thickness and the seafloor and subglacial bed elevation of the Antarctic south of 60 degrees S. We derived these products using data from a variety of sources, including many substantial surveys completed since the original Bedmap compilation (Bedmap1) in 2001. In particular, the Bedmap2 ice thickness grid is made from 25 million measurements, over two orders of magnitude more than were used in Bedmap1. In most parts of Antarctica the subglacial landscape is visible in much greater detail than was previously available and the improved data-coverage has in many areas revealed the full scale of mountain ranges, valleys, basins and troughs, only fragments of which were previously indicated in local surveys. The derived statistics for Bedmap2 show that the volume of ice contained in the Antarctic ice sheet (27 million km(3)) and its potential contribution to sea-level rise (58 m) are similar to those of Bedmap1, but the mean thickness of the ice sheet is 4.6% greater, the mean depth of the bed beneath the grounded ice sheet is 72m lower and the area of ice sheet grounded on bed below sea level is increased by 10 %. The Bedmap2 compilation highlights several areas beneath the ice sheet where the bed elevation is substantially lower than the deepest bed indicated by Bedmap1. These products, along with grids of data coverage and uncertainty, provide new opportunities for detailed modelling of the past and future evolution of the Antarctic ice sheets.
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- Ahlström, A. P., et al.
(författare)
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Historically unprecedented global glacier decline in the early 21st century
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Glaciology. - 0022-1430 .- 1727-5652. ; 61:228, s. 745-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Observations show that glaciers around the world are in retreat and losing mass. Internationally coordinated for over a century, glacier monitoring activities provide an unprecedented dataset of glacier observations from ground, air and space. Glacier studies generally select specific parts of these datasets to obtain optimal assessments of the mass-balance data relating to the impact that glaciers exercise on global sea-level fluctuations or on regional runoff. In this study we provide an overview and analysis of the main observational datasets compiled by the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS). The dataset on glacier front variations (similar to 42 000 since 1600) delivers clear evidence that centennial glacier retreat is a global phenomenon. Intermittent readvance periods at regional and decadal scale are normally restricted to a subsample of glaciers and have not come close to achieving the maximum positions of the Little Ice Age (or Holocene). Glaciological and geodetic observations (similar to 5200 since 1850) show that the rates of early 21st-century mass loss are without precedent on a global scale, at least for the time period observed and probably also for recorded history, as indicated also in reconstructions from written and illustrated documents. This strong imbalance implies that glaciers in many regions will very likely suffer further ice loss, even if climate remains stable.
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- Janssens-Maenhout, G., et al.
(författare)
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Toward an operational anthropogenic CO2 emissions monitoring and verification support capacity
- 2020
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Ingår i: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. - 0003-0007. ; 101:8, s. 1439-1451
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Under the Paris Agreement (PA), progress of emission reduction efforts is tracked on the basis of regular updates to national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, referred to as bottom-up estimates. However, only top-down atmospheric measurements can provide observation-based evidence of emission trends. Today, there is no internationally agreed, operational capacity to monitor anthropogenic GHG emission trends using atmospheric measurements to complement national bottom-up inventories. The European Commission (EC), the European Space Agency, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, and international experts are joining forces to develop such an operational capacity for monitoring anthropogenic CO2 emissions as a new CO2 service under the EC's Copernicus program. Design studies have been used to translate identified needs into defined requirements and functionalities of this anthropogenic CO2 emissions Monitoring and Verification Support (CO2MVS) capacity. It adopts a holistic view and includes components such as atmospheric spaceborne and in situ measurements, bottom-up CO2 emission maps, improved modeling of the carbon cycle, an operational data-assimilation system integrating top-down and bottom-up information, and a policy-relevant decision support tool. The CO2MVS capacity with operational capabilities by 2026 is expected to visualize regular updates of global CO2 emissions, likely at 0.05° x 0.05°. This will complement the PA's enhanced transparency framework, providing actionable information on anthropogenic CO2 emissions that are the main driver of climate change. This information will be available to all stakeholders, including governments and citizens, allowing them to reflect on trends and effectiveness of reduction measures. The new EC gave the green light to pass the CO2MVS from exploratory to implementing phase.
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- A.O., Tillmar, et al.
(författare)
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Using X-chromosomal markers in relationship testing: Calculation of likelihood ratios taking both linkage and linkage disequilibrium into account
- 2011
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Ingår i: Forensic Science International: Genetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-4973 .- 1878-0326. ; 5:5, s. 506-511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- X-chromosomal markers in forensic genetics have become more widely used during recent years, particularly for relationship testing. Linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD) must typically be accounted for when using close X-chromosomal markers. Thus, when producing the weight-of-evidence, given by a DNA-analysis with markers that are linked, the normally used product rule is invalid. Here we present an implementation of an efficient model for calculating likelihood ratios (LRs) with markers on the X-chromosome which are linked and in LD. Furthermore, the model was applied on several cases based on data from the eight X-chromosomal loci included in the Mentype® Argus X-8 (Biotype). Using a simulation approach we showed that the use of X-chromosome data can offer valuable information for choosing between the alternatives in each of the cases we studied, and that the LR can be high in several cases. We demonstrated that when linkage and LD were disregarded, as opposed to taken into account, the difference in calculated LRs could be considerable. When these differences were large, the estimated haplotype frequencies often had a strong impact and we present a method to estimate haplotype frequencies. Our conclusion is that linkage and LD should be accounted for when using the tested set of markers, and the used model is an efficient way of doing so.
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- Christiansen, H. H., et al.
(författare)
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The Thermal State of Permafrost in the Nordic Area during the International Polar Year 2007-2009
- 2010
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Ingår i: Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. - : Wiley. - 1099-1530 .- 1045-6740. ; 21:2, s. 156-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides a snapshot of the permafrost thermal state in the Nordic area obtained during the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2009. Several intensive research campaigns were undertaken within a variety of projects in the Nordic countries to obtain this snapshot. We demonstrate for Scandinavia that both lowland permafrost in palsas and peat plateaus, and large areas of permafrost in the mountains are at temperatures close to 0 degrees C, which makes them sensitive to climatic changes. In Svalbard and northeast Greenland, and also in the highest parts of the mountains in the rest of the Nordic area, the permafrost is somewhat colder, but still only a few degrees below the freezing point. The observations presented from the network of boreholes, more than half of which were established during the IPY, provide an important baseline to assess how future predicted climatic changes may affect the permafrost thermal state in the Nordic area. Time series of active-layer thickness and permafrost temperature conditions in the Nordic area, which are generally only 10 years in length, show generally increasing active-layer depths and risings permafrost temperatures. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 10. |
- Claesson, B, et al.
(författare)
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Biliary microflora in acute cholecystitis and the clinical implications
- 1984
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Ingår i: Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica. - 0001-5482. ; 150:3, s. 229-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A prospective bacteriologic investigation was made in 43 consecutive patients (mean age 63 years) operated on for acute cholecystitis. Gallbladder bile and wall were cultured, using four methods and with special attention to optimal anaerobic technique. Cultures were positive in 72% of the patients, yielding a wide variety of species (21 species among 48 isolates). Anaerobes constituted 23% of the isolates. Cultures from gallbladder bile and from gallbladder wall gave almost identical results, as did sampling at the beginning and at the end of cholecystectomy. Bactibilia was found in all patients operated on within 48 hours after the onset of symptoms. Bactibilia and postoperative septic complications showed statistically significant correlation with high patient age. Bactibilia and gallbladder gangrene were significantly correlated with preoperative temperature greater than 38.5 degrees C. There was coincidence of strains isolated from local wound sepsis and from peroperatively sampled gallbladder bile. Adequate preoperative or peroperative antibiotic therapy according to susceptibility testing was associated with significantly reduced rate of postoperative septic complications. The study indicates that bacteria are present early in the course of acute cholecystitis and that they are causally important for postoperative morbidity and mortality.
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