| 1. |
- Adlerz, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Down-regulation of amyloid precursor protein by peptide nucleic acid oligomer in cultured rat primary neurons and astrocytes
- 2003
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Ingår i: Neuroscience Letters. - 0304-3940 .- 1872-7972. ; 336:1, s. 55-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its proteolytic cleavage products, the amyloid P peptides, have been implicated as a cause of Alzheimer's disease. Peptide nucleic acids (PNA), the DNA mimics, have been shown to block the expression of specific proteins at both transcriptional and translational levels. Generally, the cellular uptake of PNA is low. However, recent studies have indicated that the effect of unmodified antisense PNA uptake is more pronounced in nervous tissue. In this study we have shown that biotinylated PNA directed to the initiator codon region of the APP mRNA (-4 - +11) was taken up into the cytoplasm of primary rat cerebellar granule cells and cortical astrocytes, using fluorescence and confocal microscopy studies. Uptake of PNA was faster in neurons than in astrocytes. Western blotting analysis showed that APP was strongly down-regulated in both neurons and astrocytes. Thus, unmodified PNA can be used for studies on the function of APP in neurons and astrocytes.
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| 2. |
- Hanes, Niklas, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the effects of the child-care fee reform on public expenditures and taxation
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- This paper studies the effects of the Swedish child-care fee reform on public expenditures and taxation in the municipalities. The reform implied a common system of child-care fees among all the municipalities and was introduced in 2002. In order to study its effects, we employ a difference-in-difference approach, where outcomes are compared with respect to differences in the municipalities' pre-reform fee systems. It was found that pre-reform characteristics determine taxes and expenditures in the post-reform period. We then discuss the likely causes of these differences and find that the reform did change the child-care demand in municippalities that had applied time rates relative to those who applied income dependent fees prior to reform. Changes in child-care quality were not connected to the pre-reform fee systems characteristics.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Holmlund, Linda, 1975-
(författare)
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Do fathers influence the time their children spend in subsidized child care?
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- This paper examines whether the fathers' characteristics affect the number of hours their children spend in subsidized child care. More explicitly, we estimate two non-nested models of child care demand in Sweden. The "dual care provider" model allows for variations in the labor supply of both parents and includes a number of personal characterics of both the father and the mother. The "single care provider" model follows earlier research and assumes that the father's working hours are fixed and exogenous to the family's child care demand. The parameter estimates indicate that several characterics of the father are associated with the time his child spends in child care. J-tests and bootstrap J-tests were performed to compare the models. The tests show that the single care provider model can be rejected in favor of the dual care provider model, but the reverse is not true.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Holmlund, Linda, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Earnings of students who change universities
- 2012
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Ingår i: Education Economics. - : Routledge. - 0964-5292 .- 1469-5782. ; 20:5, s. 538-548
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using data on Swedish university entrants, this study finds that earnings are significantly lower for students who change universities compared to students who do not change. Earnings differences decrease over time and over the earnings distribution. The pattern in the estimates seems consistent with non-transfer students having higher earnings because of their earlier labor market entry and transfer students catching up because of their additional human-capital investments. But by changing universities, individuals signal that they are more likely to jump between jobs, and some employers account for these factors when screening job applicants.
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| 7. |
- Holmlund, Linda, 1975-
(författare)
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Essays on Child Care and Higher Education
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of a summary and four self-contained papers. Paper [I] examines whether fathers influence the time their children spend in subsidized child care. Two non-nested models of family child care demand are estimated. The parameter estimates indicate that several characteristics of the father are associated with the time his child spends in child care. J-tests and bootstrapped J-tests also show that a model where the father’s characteristics are excluded can be rejected in favour of a model where his characteristics are included. Paper [II] considers the effects of the Swedish child care fee reform on public expenditures and taxation in the municipalities. A difference-in-difference approach is employed where outcomes are compared with respect to the municipalities’ pre-reform fee systems. The results show that pre-reform characteristics determine taxes and child care expenditures in the post-reform period. It is also found that changes in child care quality were not connected to the pre-reform systems characteristics. Paper [III] provides evidence of the effect of college quality on earnings in Sweden. The results suggest that the link between college quality and earnings is weak. A small positive effect is found for individuals that are likely to work full time. Controlling for region of work affects the estimated effects, indicating a correlation between choice of college quality and choice of labour market region. In Paper [IV], earnings differences between transfer and non-transfer students are analysed. The results show that earnings, during the first years after leaving the university, are significantly lower for students who change universities compared to students who do not change. The earnings differences decrease significantly over time and over the earnings distribution.
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| 8. |
- Holmlund, Linda
(författare)
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Sjuksköterskor på väg! : Regional- och samhällsekonomisk analys av sjuksköterskeutbildningen i Lycksele
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vårterminen 2002 startade en sjuksköterskeutbildning i Lycksele. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om denna utbildning är samhällsekonomiskt lönsam. Detta görs ur två perspektiv, ett samhällsekonomiskt och ett regionalekonomiskt. Utgångspunkten för den regionalekonomiska analysen är kommunalförbundet Partnerskap inlandsregion. Lönsamheten för utbildningen beräknas med hjälp av kostnads- och intäktsanalys (CBA). Utifrån de antaganden som görs i uppsatsen är den studerade utbildningen regionalekonomiskt lönsam redan första gången den ges. För samhällsekonomisk lönsamhet krävs att utbildningen ges minst fyra gånger. Ges utbildningen de sex gånger som krävs för att täcka behovet av sjuksköterskor i regionen är lönsamheten ungefär tio gånger större för kommunalförbundets region än för samhället i helhet. Resultatet är dock känsligt för ändringar av de antaganden som gjorts. För båda perspektiven är val av diskonteringsränta avgörande för resultatet. Den regionalekonomiska lönsamheten påverkas också av hur stor andel av studenterna som väljer att stanna kvar i regionen.
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