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- Chagtai, Tasnim, et al.
(författare)
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Gain of 1q as a prognostic biomarker in Wilms Tumors (WTs) treated with preoperative chemotherapy in the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) WT 2001 trial : A SIOP renal tumours biology consortium study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Oncology. - 0732-183X. ; 34:26, s. 3195-3203
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common pediatric renal tumor. Treatment planning under International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) protocols is based on staging and histologic assessment of response to preoperative chemotherapy. Despite high overall survival (OS), many relapses occur in patients without specific risk factors, and many successfully treated patients are exposed to treatments with significant risks of late effects. To investigate whether molecular biomarkers could improve risk stratification, we assessed 1q status and other potential copy number biomarkers in a large WT series. Materials and Methods: WT nephrectomy samples from 586 SIOP WT 2001 patients were analyzed using a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay that measured the copy number of 1q and other regions of interest. Results: One hundred sixty-seven (28%) of 586 WTs had 1q gain. Five-year event-free survival (EFS) was 75.0% in patients with 1q gain (95% CI, 68.5% to 82.0%) and 88.2% in patients without gain (95% CI, 85.0% to 91.4%). OS was 88.4% with gain (95% CI, 83.5% to 93.6%) and 94.4% without gain (95% CI, 92.1% to 96.7%). In univariable analysis, 1q gain was associated with poorer EFS (P < .001; hazard ratio, 2.33) and OS (P = .01; hazard ratio, 2.16). The association of 1q gain with poorer EFS retained significance in multivariable analysis adjusted for 1p and 16q loss, sex, stage, age, and histologic risk group. Gain of 1q remained associated with poorer EFS in tumor subsets limited to either intermediate-risk localized disease or nonanaplastic localized disease. Other notable aberrations associated with poorer EFS included MYCN gain and TP53 loss. Conclusion: Gain of 1q is a potentially valuable prognostic biomarker in WT, in addition to histologic response to preoperative chemotherapy and tumor stage.
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| 3. |
- Holmquist, Hanna, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Choosing a rain coating – life cycle assessment to guide substitution of hazardous durable water repellent chemistry
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many actors in the textile industry are currently substituting hazardous long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). One application of PFAS in the textile industry is in finishing to impart water (and oil) resistance to the textile (chemicals that provide this function are called durable water repellents; DWR). In a review of properties of the DWRs that are alternatives to DWRs containing long-chain PFASs, we could show that several of the alternatives also have hazardous properties and that a substitution of the DWR may lead to a shift in the environmental burden of the garment, e.g. by the need of more frequent wash or shorter life length. It is clear that to achieve an environmentally sound substitution thorough assessment of the alternatives is needed. The project Substitution in Practice of Prioritized Fluorinated Chemicals to Eliminate Diffuse Sources (SUPFES, www.supfes.eu, funded by the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS) under grant agreement No. 2012-2148) set out to guide this substitution by assessment of the DWR alternatives, both with regards to their functionality and the environmental consequences of their use. In life cycle assessments (LCA) the environmental performance of four different types of garments (two types of shell jackets, an ambulance jacket and a children’s overall), meeting different user protection needs, are investigated. The LCAs are intended to make possible a holistic assessment where toxicological hazards as well as risks of problem shifting (e.g. between impact categories) are addressed. Connected with technical performance testing of the DWR alternatives the LCAs allow for a unique possibility to include also functionality aspects. One important prerequisite for the LCAs is the availability of characterisation factors for (eco)toxicological effects and a review of existing characterisation factors (CF) for textile chemicals showed that CFs are missing for many DWR-related substances. The calculation of new CFs with UseTox 2.01 made it clear that several of the DWR-related substances are particularly difficult to model due to physical-chemical properties affecting their fate. In addition, many of the substances are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) or very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) and as such their environmental consequences may not be well captured by existing life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods, if for example relevant accumulation compartments are not included in the models. In this contribution we will report on our results from the SUPFES project’s screening LCAs on the four garments and these results’ implications for the DWR substitution case. Which DWR alternative will provide sufficient functionality and environmental soundness, making possible a substitution lasting in the long run? We will also use these cases as basis for the discussion about LCIA methods and practices suitable in substitution cases involving PBT or vPvM substances in general, and PFAS in particular.
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| 4. |
- Holmquist, Hanna, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Implementing a life cycle perspective in chemical alternatives assessment - the case of per- an polyfluoroalkyl substances in textile applications
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Informed chemical substitution is about eliminating chemicals that give rise to unacceptable (eco)toxicological risks, while avoiding problem shifting within a product’s or chemical’s life cycle, or between types of impacts. For this reason, the life cycle perspective becomes crucial. Chemical alternatives assessment (CAA) has been increasingly in focus in the last years, and life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle thinking are part of the more comprehensive CAA methods available. However, more detailed guidance is lacking and few practical examples have been published. A substitution case of current relevance is the phase-out of hazardous per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from durable water repellent (DWR) textile applications. Alternatives are sought which offer sustained technical performance but an improved environmental and human health profile compared to the hazardous PFAS. To support an informed substitution of hazardous PFAS, and complement our previous hazard assessment, we have conducted an LCA to compare environmental and human health impacts across DWR alternatives on a functional basis. Based on this case we were also able to further elaborate on the inclusion of the life cycle perspective in a CAA framework by identifying both possibilities and challenges. We conclude that the inclusion of a life cycle perspective in CAA is crucial for an informed and sustainable substitution, as lack of life cycle thinking can lead to problem shifting. We show that LCA, with its focus on function, is a tool that can identify such problem shifting as well as the key chemical properties to be considered. Consideration of (eco)toxicological effects in such an assessment can however turn out to be difficult, especially for substances such as the PFAS if they are outside the domain of the LCIA model. In the case under study here we conclude that the DWR should be selected with three main considerations: (i) the intrinsic hazard properties of the chemistry, selecting the DWR associated with the lowest hazard but, (ii) providing the functionality as needed and, (iii) giving the garment the longest life length.
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| 5. |
- Holmquist, Hanna, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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What difference can drop-in substitution actually make? : A life cycle assessment of alternative water repellent chemicals
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are used in durable water repellents (DWRs) on outdoor garments and manufacturers are currently phasing out hazardous PFASs. A critical question is: which alternatives should be chosen? The answer should depend on a holistic assessment, but the published inventory data and methodological guidance for assessing PFAS in products is slim and typically limited to hazard assessment. We aim to provide a holistic assessment of the potential environmental consequences of this phase out of DWRs, going beyond the more traditional hazard-focused substitution assessment to also include a broad life-cycle-based assessment of PFASs and their drop-in alternatives. In this study, potential environmental consequences of the phase out were evaluated by applying a life cycle assessment (LCA) to shell jackets with side-chain fluorinated polymer based (i.e., PFASs) or non-fluorinated alternative DWRs with the aim to support a substitution assessment. We demonstrated an innovative approach to impact assessment by inclusion of PFAS related fate and toxicity and invested effort towards contributing new primary inventory data by using a combination of industry dialogue and performance measurements from our larger project context. From a methodological point of view, this paper demonstrates the state-of-the-art in product LCA of persistent textile chemicals and identifies the current limits of this assessment approach. It also delivers new LCI data of use to other analysts. The LCA results in this paper suggest that jackets without PFASs are environmentally preferable. Potential problem shifting due to increased washing and reimpregnation of the jackets did not outweigh PFAS-related potential toxicity impacts as indicated by LCA results. Based on the results presented here, specific DWRs within the non-fluorinated DWR group could not be identified as preferable to others. This LCA does however provide a relevant starting point for more detailed studies on specific DWR systems and it supports moves to phase-out PFASs from non-essential DWR uses. © 2021 The Authors
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| 6. |
- Roos, Sandra, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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USEtox characterisation factors for textile chemicals based on a transparent data source selection strategy
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 23:4, s. 890-903
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Life cycle assessments (LCAs) of textile products which do not include the use and emission of textile chemicals, such as dyes, softeners and water-repellent agents,will give non-comprehensive results for the toxicity impact potential. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to provide a set of characterisation factors (CFs) for some of the most common textile chemicals and (2) to propose a data source selection strategy in order to increase transparency when calculating new CFs. Methods A set of 72 common textile-related substances was matched with the USEtox 2.01, USEtox 1.01 and the COSMEDE databases in order to investigate coverage and coherence. For the 25 chemicals that did not already have established CFs in any of these databases, new CFs were calculated. A data source selection strategy was developed and followed in order to ensure consistency and transparency,and USEtox 2.01 was used for calculations. The parameters that caused the most uncertainty were identified during the modelling and strategies for handling them were developed. Results and discussion Of the 72 textile-related substances, 48 already had calculated recommended or indicative CFs in existing databases, which showed good coherence. The main uncertainty identified during the calculation of 25 new CFs was the selection of input data regarding toxicity and degradation in water. However, for substances such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the acid dissociation constant (pKa) and partitioning coefficients (Kow and KOC)also require special considerations. Other input parameters had less than one order of magnitude impact on the CF result for essentially all substances. Conclusions The paper presents a strategy for how to provide a complete set of toxicity CFs for a given list of substances. In addition, such a set of CFs for common textile-related substances is presented. The data source selection strategy provides a structured and transparent way of calculating additional CFs for textile chemicals with USEtox. Consequently, this study can help future LCA studies to provide relevant guidance towards environmentally benign chemical management in the textile industry.
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