| 1. |
- Brandén, Gunnar, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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39 000 anställningar till och med 2020 : en studie av rekryteringsbehovet i Västerbottens län
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sverige och Västerbotten befinner sig i en återhämtningsperiod sett till den ekonomiska och sysselsättningsmässiga utvecklingen. På medellång och lång sikt står Västerbotten, i likhet med flertalet andra län i Sverige, inför relativt stora utmaningar när det gäller matchningen mellan efterfrågan på och utbudet av arbetskraft. Mer specifikt kan detta beskrivas som en kompetensmatchningsutmaning, som i Västerbotten bland annat beror på en åldrande befolkning och en förändrad efterfrågan på arbetskraft med specifika kompetenser. Situationen innebär en påtaglig risk att vissa yrken, givet att utvecklingen fortsätter i den riktning som den gjort det senaste decenniet, kommer att uppleva kraftiga utbudsbrister eller omvänt en risk för överskott. Dessa scenarion reser ett antal viktiga frågor: Hur många inom olika yrken kommer att gå i pension? Vilka kompetenser kommer att behövas? Vilka branscher växer och vilka minskar? Hur klarar utbildningssystemet att svara mot arbetsmarknadens behov av kompetens? Kort sagt, hur kan kompetensförsörjningen förbättras så att regionen står väl rustad inför den framtida utvecklingen? Dessa och liknande frågor ska diskuteras och åtminstone delvis besvaras inom ramen för de regionala kompetensplattformar som på regeringens uppdrag etableras i respektive län. I Västerbottens län ansvarar Region Västerbotten för uppbyggnaden av den regionala kompetensplattformen.Syftet med de regionala kompetensplattformarna är att åstadkomma en ökad samverkan kring kompetensförsörjning och utbildningsplanering på kort och lång sikt. Arbetet ska leda till ökad kunskap, översikt och samordning inom kompetensförsörjnings- och utbildningsområdet. Uppdraget består av att dels utarbeta kunskapsunderlag och dels av att kommunicera dessa med arbetslivets företrädare och med utbildningsanordnare. Den föreliggande rapporten är en del i arbetet att skapa ett kvantitativt kunskapsbidrag kring framtida rekryteringsbehov i Västerbottens län.Rapportens tidshorisont sträcker sig till 2020 med ett nedslag 2015, där rekryteringsbehovet på medellång sikt beskrivs. Syftet med föreliggande rapport inbegriper att dels på ett mer generellt sätt beskriva Västerbottens arbetsmarknads- och branschstruktur, och dels belysa rekryteringsbehoven för respektive yrkesgrupp och bransch i länet. Särskilt fokus läggs vid branscher och yrken som härrör till turism, tillverkning och utvinning, företagstjänster, samt vård och omsorg. Rapporten skapar också ett underlag för att spegla näringslivets och arbetsmarknadens inneboende dynamik och förändring över tid.Sysselsättningsframskrivningarna utgår från den grundläggande frågeställningen kring regionalt utbud och efterfrågan på arbetskraft. Utbudet på arbetskraft bottnar i en individs beslut om arbetskraftsutbud, om individen skall arbeta och i sådant fall hur mycket. Detta beslut bestäms i stor utsträckning av individens syn på lönsamheten i att arbeta i termer av nytta. Deltagandet på den regionala arbetsmarknaden påverkas i sin tur av regionens efterfrågan på arbete. Värt att notera är att arbetskraftsutbudet inte alltid är den enskilde individens beslut, utan många gånger ett gemensamt val för hushållet.Efterfrågan på arbetskraft bestäms på kort sikt av arbetsgivarens beslut om hur många individer som ska anställas samt vilken kompetens som behövs utifrån ett lönsamhetsperspektiv. På lång sikt förklaras emellertid efterfrågan på arbetskraft i stor utsträckning av teknisk utveckling och internationell konkurrens. Den tekniska utvecklingen påverkar produktivitets- och produktutveckling, vilket på sikt förändrar branschers relativa positioner och efterfrågan på olika typer av arbetskraft. Intåget av datorer i produktion och organisation är ett tydligt exempel som förändrat både produktion och produkt samt vilken typ och kvantitet av arbetskraft som efterfrågas. I sammanhanget kan detta också ses som en del av den pågående strukturförändringen i den svenska ekonomin.Strukturella förändringar innebär en förskjutning av ekonomisk verksamhet mellan och inom ekonomins olika sektorer och påverkar vilken typ av arbetskraft som efterfrågas. Från 1970-talet pågår i Sverige en utveckling som innebär att tjänstesektorns relativa storlek ökar och industrisektorn minskar. Också inom respektive sektor pågår en påtaglig utveckling, där exempelvis innehållet i en tjänst eller produkt för 5-10 år sedan i många fall inte alls är jämförbart med dagens innehåll. Tredimensionella biografvisningar och mobiltelefonapplikationer utgör tydliga exempel på detta. Samtidigt utvecklas industrisektorn mot en allt mer högproduktiv produktion som innefattar ett allt större kunskapsinnehåll. Strukturomvandling och förskjutningar inom näringslivet tydliggör det faktum att den kompetens som efterfrågas av arbetsmarknaden ständigt förändras och understryker därför behovet av en kontinuerlig matchningsprocess.
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| 3. |
- Holmström, Andreas, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient Space-time FE for a Simplified Thermo-metallurgical Problem Relevent to Casting
- 2005
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Ingår i: Computational Methods for Coupled Problems in Science and Engineering, COUPLED PROBLEMS 2005 Santorini Island, Greece, May 25-27, 2005. - 8495999714 ; , s. 227-
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Solving the non-linear thermo-metallurgical problem such as the thermal cooling of a molten metal or the macro-segregation during a cooling process are problems that needs careful consideration. The strong non-linearities of the problem makes it difficult to solve without having a prohibitive high cost arising from the high spatial and time-domain discretization needed to solve the problem. For the studied application of design optimization of cast components a low computational time is important since a lot of computations are necessary in an optimization.From the first law of thermodynamics we derive a space-timeFE-discretization for a hierarchy of discontinuous Galerkin in time, dG(k) k>=0. This formulation integratesthe stored energy exact. As a special case we regain theenthalpy-method with suitable average of the energygeneration over time.For the macro-segregation, the problem is reformulated so that the phase-transition drives a flow of species. Diffusion is possible throughout the domain in this model. This can then be further rewritten using a potential approach. We can by this aproch arrive in discretizations that guaranties that the balance equation is satisfied and can solve phase-transition problem as a fieldproblem or as a local problem.The coupled problems of cooling-transformation are solved. The possibility of using adaptivity in space-time for the coupled problem is discussed.
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| 5. |
- Holmström, Andreas, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization of Cast Components in the Development Process
- 2005
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Ingår i: WCSMO6- 6th World Congress on Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, Rio de Janeiro, 30 May-3 June, 2005. ; , s. 26-
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In structural optimization, we wish to design a component such that we fulfill a set of functional requirements while minimizing, for instance, the cost or weight of a component. Here we focus on the optimization of cast components in trucks. Of the functional requirements, several are related to strength issues. For a cast component, the resulting mechanical behavior depends on the casting process, and it must be taken into account that strong couplings exist between the geometry, the production process and the material properties. As a result, one is faced with a complex multidisciplinary optimization problem.In this contribution, a generic process for optimizing complex multi-physics problems is presented using a succession of more and more complex analyzes. The strategy that we propose is to use low level analyzes to scan a large number of different solutions in order to find the most viable ones. These are then further narrowed down during a chain of analyzes with successively higher level of detail, while trying not to remove good solutions. During the very latest stages of the analysis, only a few solutions are considered, and therefore, more time and resource consuming analyzes can be used in order to fully investigate the properties of the component.A principal problem of a cast component is discussed for a given a set of mechanical load demands and with consideration to the production process in order to exemplify the process and some possible pitfalls. The explicit computational procedure, based on FE-analysis, is applied to a simplified mechanical and thermal problems involved in the casting of a typical load-bearing structural component.
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| 6. |
- Holmström, Andreas, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization strategy in the development process with application to cast components
- 2008
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Ingår i: Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1615-1488 .- 1615-147X. ; 35:1, s. 69-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- At the development of commercial vehicles, it is necessary to develop cost-optimized components with respect to their entire lifetime. This requires a product development process that utilizes the possibility to simulate the product performance using modeling of different degrees of sophistication at any predefined level-of-detail (LOD). For example, the mechanical properties of a cast component depend strongly on the casting process, the simulation of which requires complex modeling at a high LOD. In this article, we propose an optimization strategy that is based on the LOD concept to develop cost-effective components. A sizing optimization of a cast model component is carried out with respect to both the mechanical and thermal response to exemplify the process. In particular, a (novel) global measure of the temperature in energy norm is introduced as an indicator of the "production fitness" to ensure high quality of the material properties. This measure is the thermal counterpart of the well-accepted mechanical strain energy. © 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
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| 7. |
- Holmström, Andreas, 1978
(författare)
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Optimized Development Process for Cast Components
- 2005
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In developing trucks, cast components of low weight andhigh durability need to be developed and produced. Cast componentsrepresent an estimated 10-15 percent of the total weight of atruck. There is a strong coupling between the production processand the mechanical properties of a cast component such as it'sstrength. Bearing this coupling in mind is an important element inthe design process. A generic strategy for the optimal design ofcast components, taking account of complex multi-physics problemsand involving analyses of successively increasing complexity, isdiscussed. The term Level-Of-Detail (LOD) is introduced allowingthe requirements on models at different stages in the developmentprocess to be described in a structured manner.Several investigations within this context illustratingand clarifying the basic ideas involved are presented. First, thesizing optimization of a model component with respect to both themechanical and to thermal response is taken up as an example ofanalysis at a low LOD level. A novel thermal measure forproduction fitness is introduced here. Secondly, a topologyoptimization is presented as an example of a medium-level LODanalysis. Thirdly, a novel formulation of the thermo-metallurgicalproblem within casting, involving the modelling of solidificationand the segregation of species, is considered as an illustrationof analysis at a high LOD level. An efficient finite elementformulation of the coupled problem in space-time terms is alsodeveloped and investigated.
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| 8. |
- Holmström, Andreas, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Space-time finite elements for a simplified thermo-metallurgical problem relevant to casting
- 2007
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Ingår i: Computational Mechanics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0924 .- 0178-7675. ; 40:2, s. 341-353
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The non-linear thermo-metallurgical problem, relevant for the cooling of a molten metal including the macro-segregation that occurs during the cooling process, is studied here. Due to the strong non-linearities involved in phase transformations, it is necessary to use a fine resolution in space-time in a finite element approximation in order to meet accuracy requirements. We derive space-time FE-methods based on the discontinuous and continuous Galerkin method in time for the energy equation. This formulation integrates the stored energy exactly for a given heat flux. When macro-segregation is incorporated into the model, the problem can be formulated in such a way that the phase-transition drives a flow of species. In addition, diffusion is possible throughout the domain. The model can be further rewritten using a potential approach. By this approach for modelling macro-segregation, we are able to obtain discretizations that guarantee that the balance equations are satisfied, and it is possible to solve the phase-transition problem either as a field problem or as a local problem (defined by a local evolution rule). © Springer Verlag 2007.
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| 9. |
- Lundkvist, Erik, Fil Dr, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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The temporal relations across burnout dimensions in athletes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - Chichester : John Wiley & Sons. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 28:3, s. 1215-1226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Burnout is a construct that has garnered considerable attention in sport psychology within recent years. Several hypothesized models regarding how the three dimensions (exhaustion, devaluation, and reduced sense of accomplishment) temporally relate to each other have been advanced. One proposal outlined by Maslach and Leiter suggests that exhaustion predicts devaluation which predicts reduced sense of accomplishment. However, there is no consensus among researchers as it has been argued that exhaustion predicts devaluation and reduced accomplishment separately. The aim of this study was to test multiple alternative hypotheses regarding the relationships of the burnout dimensions in athletes. Two samples of Swedish youth elite athletes with differing time spans between measurements were used. Specifically, one sample involved time-intensive measures collected every week over an eight-week period, and the other sample included four measurement points across an 18-month period. Results showed that none of the previously proposed models outlining the temporal relations of burnout dimensions were supported. Statistical analysis of the models including the cross-lagged predictions of dimensions did not have any statistically significant impact except when exhaustion negatively predicted devaluation between time 1 (month 0) and time 2 (month 6) in the 18-month sample; this relation faded in the following time points. Further, issues regarding the stability of devaluation and reduced sense of accomplishment emerged as their autocorrelation were very weak in the time-intensive sample. These findings raise a number of points for further theoretical and practical discussions about the athlete burnout construct.
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| 10. |
- Pivodic, Aldina, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Development and validation of a new clinical decision support tool to optimize screening for retinopathy of prematurity
- 2022
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Ingår i: British Journal of Ophthalmology. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0007-1161 .- 1468-2079. ; 106:11, s. 1573-1580
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND/AIMS: Prematurely born infants undergo costly, stressful eye examinations to uncover the small fraction with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) that needs treatment to prevent blindness. The aim was to develop a prediction tool (DIGIROP-Screen) with 100% sensitivity and high specificity to safely reduce screening of those infants not needing treatment. DIGIROP-Screen was compared with four other ROP models based on longitudinal weights.METHODS: Data, including infants born at 24-30 weeks of gestational age (GA), for DIGIROP-Screen development (DevGroup, N=6991) originate from the Swedish National Registry for ROP. Three international cohorts comprised the external validation groups (ValGroups, N=1241). Multivariable logistic regressions, over postnatal ages (PNAs) 6-14 weeks, were validated. Predictors were birth characteristics, status and age at first diagnosed ROP and essential interactions.RESULTS: ROP treatment was required in 287 (4.1%)/6991 infants in DevGroup and 49 (3.9%)/1241 in ValGroups. To allow 100% sensitivity in DevGroup, specificity at birth was 53.1% and cumulatively 60.5% at PNA 8 weeks. Applying the same cut-offs in ValGroups, specificities were similar (46.3% and 53.5%). One infant with severe malformations in ValGroups was incorrectly classified as not needing screening. For all other infants, at PNA 6-14 weeks, sensitivity was 100%. In other published models, sensitivity ranged from 88.5% to 100% and specificity ranged from 9.6% to 45.2%.CONCLUSIONS: DIGIROP-Screen, a clinical decision support tool using readily available birth and ROP screening data for infants born GA 24-30 weeks, in the European and North American populations tested can safely identify infants not needing ROP screening. DIGIROP-Screen had equal or higher sensitivity and specificity compared with other models. DIGIROP-Screen should be tested in any new cohort for validation and if not validated it can be modified using the same statistical approaches applied to a specific clinical setting.
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