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- Almquist, Ylva, 1983-
(författare)
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A class of origin : The school class as a social context and health disparities in a life-course perspective
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the present thesis is to examine various aspects of the school-class structure and their links to health in a life-course perspective. The empirical studies are based on two longitudinal data materials of cohorts born in the 1950s, followed up until middle age. In the first study, the overall status distribution in the school class was shown to be associated with both minor psychiatric disorder in childhood and self-rated health in adulthood. Thus, ill-health was more common among individuals who attended school classes less equal in terms of status. The second study demonstrated that it was more common among those who had fewer mutual friendships in the school class to report poorer health as adults. Socioeconomic career emerged as the primary explanation for men while, for women, these findings were largely unaccounted for by any of the included child and adult circumstances. Findings from the third study suggested the child’s status position in the school class, i.e. peer status, to be related to a wide range of health outcomes in adulthood. In particular, lower peer status was linked to an excess risk of mental and behavioural disorders, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Childhood social class did not confound these associations to any large extent. The fourth study examined two types of social isolation in the school class: marginalisation (low peer status) and friendlessness. Hospitalisation due to any disease was more common among marginalised children compared to among non-isolates, whereas no corresponding association was found for the friendless. For both types of isolates, the number of hospitalisations was greater than among non-isolated individuals. Of the studied childhood factors, scholastic ability emerged as an important mechanism. In sum, this thesis points to the relevance of the school class for health development across the life course and to the complexity of pathways through which influences of the school class may operate.
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- Andersen, Anette, et al.
(författare)
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Parental symptoms and children's use of medicine for headache: Data reported by parents from five Nordic countries
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1661-8556 .- 1420-911X .- 1661-8564. ; 57, s. 217-223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To examine the association between parent's headache and symptom load and children's medicine use, and whether these associations are robust across countries and socio-demographic strata. Methods: The study population included random samples of children from age 2 to 17 in five Nordic countries (participation rate 67.6%, n = 10,317). Outcome measure was child's medicine use for headache. Determinants were the mother's and father's headache and symptom load. Analyses were stratified by country, age group and socio-economic status. Results: The prevalence of children's medicine use varied across countries between 13.7 and 21.3%. Girls' medicine use for headache was associated with mother's headache (OR = 2.00), father's headache (OR = 1.85), mother's symptom load (OR = 1.84) and father's symptom load (OR = 1.48). Boys' medicine use was only associated with mothers' headache (OR = 1.68) and symptom load (OR = 1.51). Associations remained significant after adjustment for the child's headache and were robust across countries and socio-demographic strata. Conclusions: Parents' symptom experience seems to influence their children's medicine use over and above medicine use indicated by symptoms. Two potential explanations are suggested: a socialization pathway and/or a pathway through adverse living conditions. © 2011 Swiss School of Public Health.
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| 5. |
- Äbelö, Angela, et al.
(författare)
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Gastric acid secretion in the dog : a mechanism-based pharmacodynamic model for histamine stimulation and irreversible inhibition by omeprazole
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. - 1567-567X .- 1573-8744. ; 29:4, s. 365-382
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A mechanism-based pharmacodynamic model was used to describe the inhibitory effect by omeprazole on gastric acid secretion measured after histamine stimulation in the dog. The model identifies parameters that are related to the physiological system, the histamine stimulation, and the irreversible effect of omeprazole on the H+, K(+)-ATPase enzyme. Four different experiments with omeprazole (Exps. 1-4) and two placebo experiments were performed in each of the four Heidenhain pouch dogs used. For placebo and experiments 1-3, saline or omeprazole 0.81 mumol/kg was infused during 3 hr with measurements of histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion in two periods of 3.5-6.5 hr, one period starting just before the omeprazole infusion and a second later period up to 29 hr post infusion. In experiment 4, 0.18 mumol/kg of omeprazole was infused for 22.5 min and gastric juice was collected for 5 hr post infusion. The response data was well described by the model. Similar parameter estimates were obtained by three different analysis methods; naïve pooling, two-stage method and nonlinear mixed effects modeling. The elimination rate constant for the H+, K(+)-ATPase enzyme, kout, was estimated to be 0.040 hr-1, corresponding to a half-life of about 17 hr. This rate constant determines the duration of omeprazole inhibition after long-term exposure. For short-term omeprazole exposure the duration is determined by the rate constant for transfer of enzymes from active to resting state, estimated to be 1.88 hr-1. The second-order rate constant for histamine stimulation was estimated to be 0.064 hr-1 per histamine concentration unit and the maximum acid secretion was estimated to be 5.0 mmol H+/30 min. The second-order rate constant for the irreversible binding of omeprazole to H+, K(+)-ATPase, kome, was estimated to be 2.39 L/mumol.hr. By modeling the histamine-induced baseline response simultaneously with active treatment, predictions of the response are possible not only following different dosing regimens of omeprazole, but also following different degrees of histamine stimulation.
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| 6. |
- Äbelö, Angela, et al.
(författare)
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Pharmacodynamic modelling of reversible gastric acid pump inhibition in dog and man
- 2001
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Ingår i: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - 0928-0987 .- 1879-0720. ; 14:4, s. 339-346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- H 335/25, a 4-amino quinoline, belongs to a new class of reversible gastric acid pump inhibitors. A potential advantage of such drugs over the irreversible proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is better control over the effect-time profile. Dose escalation studies were performed to characterize the effect on acid secretion in dogs (n=24) and healthy male subjects (n=12). The effect-time profile was delayed compared to the concentration-time profile. A model-based approach, using non-linear mixed effects modelling, was applied to quantify and elucidate the mechanism for the delayed effect. Three different models were investigated: (1) a slow equilibration preceding the formation of drug-enzyme complex, modelled by an effect-compartment, (2) a slow equilibration between free drug, free enzyme and drug-enzyme complex, described by a kinetic binding model, and (3) a delay between enzyme inhibition and the measured response, described by an indirect response model. Model 2 was shown to be superior to models 1 and 3, for both dog and human data. The dissociation rate constant, k(off), was estimated to be 0.85 and 0.88 h and the calculated equilibration constant, K(d), was 160 and 250 nM in dog and man, respectively. Simulations of the predicted time-course of the effect beyond the 4-5-h observation period was similar for the three models.
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