| 1. |
- Brenner, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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ScenarioTools real-time play-out for test sequence validation in an automotive case study
- 2014
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Ingår i: Electronic Communications of the EASST. - 1863-2122. ; 67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many areas, such as automotive, healthcare, or production, we find softwareintensive systems with complex real-time requirements. To efficiently ensure the quality of these systems, engineers require automated tools for the validation of the requirements throughout the development. This, however, requires that the requirements are specified in an analyzable way. We propose modeling the specification using Modal Sequence Diagrams (MSDs), which express what a system may, must, or must not do in certain situations. MSDs can be executed via the play-out algorithm to investigate the behavior emerging from the interplay of multiple scenarios; we can also test if traces of the final product satisfy all scenarios. In this paper, we present the first tool supporting the play-out of MSDs with real-time constraints. As a case study, we modeled the requirements on gear shifts in an upcoming standard on vehicle testing and use our tool to validate externally generated gear shift sequences.
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| 2. |
- Holtmann, Jörg, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Early timing analysis based on scenario requirements and platform models
- 2022
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Ingår i: Software and Systems Modeling. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1619-1366 .- 1619-1374. ; 21, s. 2171-2211
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distributed, software-intensive systems (e.g., in the automotive sector) must fulfill communication requirements under hard real-time constraints. The requirements have to be documented and validated carefully using a systematic requirements engineering (RE) approach, for example, by applying scenario-based requirements notations. The resources of the execution platforms and their properties (e.g., CPU frequency or bus throughput) induce effects on the timing behavior, which may lead to violations of the real-time requirements. Nowadays, the platform properties and their induced timing effects are verified against the real-time requirements by means of timing analysis techniques mostly implemented in commercial-off-the-shelf tools. However, such timing analyses are conducted in late development phases since they rely on artifacts produced during these phases (e.g., the platform-specific code). In order to enable early timing analyses already during RE, we extend a scenario-based requirements notation with allocation means to platform models and define operational semantics for the purpose of simulation-based, platform-aware timing analyses. We illustrate and evaluate the approach with an automotive software-intensive system.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Holtmann, Jörg, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Exploiting Meta-Model Structures in the Generation of Xtext Editors
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Model-Based Software and Systems Engineering. - Lisbon, Portugal : SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications. - 9789897586330 ; 1, s. 218-225
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When generating textual editors for large and highly structured meta-models, it is possible to extend Xtext’s generator capabilities and the default implementations it provides. These extensions provide additional features such as formatters and more precise scoping for cross-references. However, for large metamodels in particular, the realization of such extensions typically is a time-consuming, awkward, and repetitive task. For some of these tasks, we motivate, present, and discuss in this position paper automatic solutions that exploit the structure of the underlying metamodel. Furthermore, we demonstrate how we used them in the development of a textual editor for EATXT, a textual concrete syntax for the automotive architecture description language EAST-ADL. This work in progress contributes to our larger goal of building a language workbench for blended modelling.
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| 5. |
- Holtmann, Jörg, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Migrating from proprietary tools to open-source software for EAST-ADL metamodel generation and evolution
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings - ACM/IEEE 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems, MODELS 2022: Companion Proceedings. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. ; , s. 7-11
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Open-source software has numerous advantages over proprietary commercial-off-The-shelf (COTS) software. However, there are modeling languages, tool chains, and tool frameworks that are developed and maintained in an open-source manner but still incorporate COTS tools. Such an incorporation of COTS tools into an overall open-source approach completely annihilates the actual open-source advantages and goals. In this tool paper, we demonstrate how we eliminated a COTS tool from the otherwise open-source-based generation and evolution workflow of the domain-specific modeling language East-Adl, used in the automotive industry to describe a variety of interdisciplinary aspects of vehicle systems. By switching to a pure open-source solution, East-Adl becomes easier to inspect, evolve, and develop a community around. We compare both the mixed COTS/open-source and the open-source-only workflows, outline the advantages of the open-source-only solution, and show that we achieve equivalent tooling features compared to the original approach.
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| 6. |
- Holtmann, Jörg, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Processes, methods, and tools in model-based engineering-A qualitative multiple-case study
- 2024
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on model-based engineering (MBE) has occasionally touched upon the relationship between development processes and concrete MBE practices. However, the alignment of these elements has rarely been the central focus of these studies. As a result, important questions regarding the alignment of MBE and development processes, as well as the impact of development processes on the utilization and success of MBE, have remained unanswered. To address this research gap, we conducted a multiple-case study involving 14 individuals from nine different companies, conducting a total of 12 interviews. Building upon seven propositions derived from existing literature, our investigation sought to understand how MBE is aligned with the development process and explore the application of MBE in this context. Additionally, we identified challenges and needs in this area. Our findings challenge some previously reported results, such as the perceived conflicts between agile development processes and MBE. Furthermore, we unearthed previously unreported issues, like the importance of considering the perspectives of tool vendors in MBE discussions. Overall, this paper makes a significant contribution by providing a comprehensive and up-to-date perspective on how MBE is integrated into development processes, along with an examination of the social and organizational aspects inherent to these processes.
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| 7. |
- Holtmann, Jörg, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Using boundary objects and methodological island (BOMI) modeling in large-scale agile systems development
- 2024
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Ingår i: Software and Systems Modeling. - 1619-1374 .- 1619-1366. ; In Press
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large-scale systems development commonly faces the challenge of managing relevant knowledge between different organizational groups, particularly in increasingly agile contexts. Here, there is a conflict between coordination and group autonomy, and it is challenging to determine what necessary coordination information must be shared by what teams or groups, and what can be left to local team management. We introduce a way to manage this complexity using a modeling framework based on two core concepts: methodological islands (i.e., groups using different development methods than the surrounding organization) and boundary objects (i.e., artifacts that create a common understanding across team borders). However, we found that companies often lack a systematic way of assessing coordination issues and the use of boundary objects between methodological islands. As part of an iterative design science study, we have addressed this gap by producing a modeling framework (BOMI: Boundary Objects and Methodological Islands) to better capture and analyze coordination and knowledge management in practice. This framework includes a metamodel, as well as a list of bad smells over this metamodel that can be leveraged to detect inter-team coordination issues. The framework also includes a methodology to suggest concrete modeling steps and broader guidelines to help apply the approach successfully in practice. We have developed Eclipse-based tool support for the BOMI method, allowing for both graphical and textual model creation, and including an implementation of views over BOMI instance models in order to manage model complexity. We have evaluated these artifacts iteratively together with five large-scale companies developing complex systems. In this work, we describe the BOMI framework and its iterative evaluation in several real cases, reporting on lessons learned and identifying future work. We have produced a matured and stable modeling framework which facilitates understanding and reflection over complex organizational configurations, communication, governance, and coordination of knowledge artifacts in large-scale agile system development.
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| 8. |
- Japs, S, et al.
(författare)
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D-REQs: Determination of security safety requirements in workshops based on the use of model-based systems engineering
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering Workshops (REW). - 1090-705X .- 2332-6441.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyber-physical systems, like autonomous vehicles, are intelligent and networked. The development of such systems requires cooperation between different stakeholders. A lack of system understanding can lead to unidentified (safety relevant) security requirements (SRSR) in early engineering. This can increase product development costs or compromise system safety compliance. Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) improves the system understanding by using models. Conducting workshops in the context of MBSE promotes interaction between stakeholders so that confusion regarding SRSR can be resolved already in the workshop. Using the models created, requirements can be derived in the workshop. However, established security safety approaches are not specifically designed to be used in conjunction with MBSE and requirements engineering. In this paper, we present an extension of our previously developed SAVE approach. This extension supports a team of stakeholders in workshops to derive SRSR using MBSE. We illustrate our approach with an example from the automotive domain and present an initial field study of the application of our approach, based on a 2-month student project.
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| 9. |
- Zhang, Weixing, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Creating Python-Style Domain Specific Languages: A Semi-Automated Approach and Intermediate Results
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Model-Based Software and Systems Engineering. - Lisbon, Portugal : SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications. - 2184-4348. - 9789897586330 ; 1, s. 210-217
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Xtext is a well-known domain-specific language design framework and technology. It automatically generates a textual grammar for a language, given a meta-model specified in Ecore. These generated textual grammars are typically not user-friendly. Python-style languages are popular among developers for their usability and conciseness. We aim to propose a systematic approach to transform a DSL with a generated grammar into a Python-style DSL. To achieve this, we analyze the problems of grammars generated with Xtext, based on a lightweight architecture description language. In response to these problems, we propose a general semi-automated grammar adaptation approach. We apply the approach to two other DSLs to validate the generalization of the approach. We also discuss the limitations of this approach and prospects for the future.
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| 10. |
- Zhang, Weixing, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting meta-model-based language evolution and rapid prototyping with automated grammar transformation
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - 0164-1212. ; 214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In model-driven engineering, developing a textual domain-specific language (DSL) involves constructing a meta-model, which defines an underlying abstract syntax, and a grammar, which defines the concrete syntax for the DSL. We consider a scenario in which the meta-model is manually maintained, which is common in various contexts, such as blended modeling, in which several concrete syntaxes co-exist in parallel. Language workbenches such as Xtext support such a scenario, but require the grammar to be manually co-evolved, which is laborious and error-prone. In this paper, we present GRAMMARTRANSFORMER, an approach for transforming generated grammars in the context of meta-model-based language evolution. To reduce the effort for language engineers during rapid prototyping and language evolution, it offers a catalog of configurable grammar transformation rules. Once configured, these rules can be automatically applied and re-applied after future evolution steps, greatly reducing redundant manual effort. In addition, some of the supported transformations can globally change the style of concrete syntax elements, further significantly reducing the effort for manual transformations. The grammar transformation rules were extracted from a comparison of generated and existing, expert-created grammars, based on seven available DSLs. An evaluation based on the seven languages shows GRAMMARTRANSFORMER's ability to modify Xtext-generated grammars in a way that agrees with manual changes performed by an expert and to support language evolution in an efficient way, with only a minimal need to change existing configurations over time.
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