| 1. |
- Holyoak, Nicholas, et al.
(författare)
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VRUM™: A tool for modelling travel patterns of self-drive tourists
- 2009
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Ingår i: Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2009. - Vienna : Springer. - 9783211939703 ; , s. 238-247
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes’ a geographic information system (GIS) developed to visualise the road routes selected by self-drive visitors to outback Australia. These visitors are typically on multiple destination trips. While existing data sets describe locations of overnight stops, they do not show the locations visitors come into contact with between overnight stops. The Visualising Relatively Unpredictable Movement (VRUMTM) system imputes complete travel paths for selfdrive visitors, allowing destinations and businesses to assess where they fit in trip itineraries VRUMTM has proven valuable as a tool for visualising changes in travel patterns over time. The system may be readily adapted to other destinations.
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| 2. |
- Ichien, Nicholas, et al.
(författare)
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Advancing with age : Older adults excel in comprehension of novel metaphors.
- 2024
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Ingår i: Psychology and Aging. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0882-7974 .- 1939-1498.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Older adults may experience certain forms of cognitive decline, but some forms of semantic memory remain intact in older age. To address how metaphor comprehension changes with age and whether metaphor comprehension relies more heavily on analogical reasoning (supported by fluid intelligence) or on conceptual combination (supported by crystalized intelligence), we compared performance of younger and older adults. In two experiments, healthy older adults (54-88 years) scored lower on a measure of fluid intelligence (Ravens Progressive Matrices) but higher on a measure of crystalized intelligence (Mill Hill Vocabulary Test) relative to younger adults (18-34 years). Groups were equally successful in comprehending relatively easy metaphors (Study 1), but older adults showed a striking advantage over younger adults for novel literary metaphors (Study 2). Mixed-effects modeling showed that measures of fluid and crystalized intelligence each made separable contributions to metaphor comprehension for both groups, but older adults relied more on crystalized intelligence than did younger adults. These age-related dissociations clarify cognitive effects of aging and highlight the importance of crystalized intelligence for metaphor comprehension in both younger and older adults.
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| 3. |
- Ichien, Nicholas, et al.
(författare)
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Interpretation of novel literary metaphors by humans and GPT-4
- 2024
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 46<sup>th</sup> Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. - : University of California. ; , s. 4014-4020
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the exceptional performance of large language models (LLMs) on a wide range of tasks involving natural language processing and reasoning, there has been sharp disagreement as to whether their abilities extend to more creative human abilities. A core example is the interpretation of novel metaphors. Given the enormous and non-curated text corpora used to train LLMs, a serious obstacle to designing tests is the need to obtain novel yet high-quality metaphors that are unlikely to have been included in the training data. Here we assessed the ability of GPT-4, a state-of-the-art large language model, to provide natural-language interpretations of novel literary metaphors drawn from Serbian poetry and translated into English. Human judges—blind to the fact that an AI model was involved—rated metaphor interpretations generated by GPT-4 as superior to those provided by a group of college students. In interpreting reversed metaphors, GPT-4, as well as humans, exhibited signs of sensitivity to the Gricean cooperative principle. These results indicate that LLMs such as GPT-4 have acquired an emergent ability to interpret literary metaphors.
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| 4. |
- Stamenković, Dušan, Associate Professor, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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An individual-differences approach to poetic metaphor : Impact of aptness and familiarity
- 2023
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Ingår i: Metaphor and Symbol. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1092-6488 .- 1532-7868. ; 38:2, s. 149-161
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using poetic metaphors in the Serbian language, we identified systematic variations in the impact of fluid and crystalized intelligence on comprehension of metaphors that varied in rated aptness and familiarity. Overall, comprehension scores were higher for metaphors that were high rather than low in aptness, and high rather than low in familiarity. A measure of crystalized intelligence was a robust predictor of comprehension across the full range of metaphors, but especially for those that were either relatively unfamiliar or more apt. In contrast, individual differences associated with fluid intelligence were clearly found only for metaphors that were low in aptness. Superior verbal knowledge appears to be particularly important when trying to find meaning in novel metaphorical expressions, and also when exploring the rich interpretive potential of apt metaphors. The broad role of crystalized intelligence in metaphor comprehension is consistent with the view that metaphors are largely understood using semantic integration processes continuous with those that operate in understanding literal language.
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| 5. |
- Stamenković, Dušan, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Individual differences in comprehension of contextualized metaphors
- 2020
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Ingår i: Metaphor and Symbol. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1092-6488 .- 1532-7868. ; 35:4, s. 285-301
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report a study examining the role of linguistic context in modulating the influences of individual differences in fluid and crystalized intelligence on comprehension of literary metaphors. Three conditions were compared: no context, metaphor-congruent context, and literal-congruent context. Relative to the baseline no-context condition, the metaphor-congruent context facilitated comprehension of the metaphorical meaning whereas the literal-congruent context impaired it. Measures of fluid and crystalized intelligence both made separable contributions to predicting metaphor comprehension. The metaphor-congruent context selectively increased the contribution of crystalized verbal intelligence. These findings support the hypothesis that a supportive linguistic context encourages use of semantic integration in interpreting metaphors.
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| 6. |
- Stamenković, Dušan, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Metaphor comprehension: An individual-differences approach
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of memory and language (Print). - : Elsevier. - 0749-596X .- 1096-0821. ; 105, s. 108-118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nature of the mental processes involved in metaphor comprehension has been the focus of debate, with controversy focusing on the relative role of general analogical reasoning versus language-specific conceptual combination. In the present set of studies, we take an individual-differences approach to examine the comprehension of a variety of metaphors, some taken from literary sources, using several types of comprehension tests. In a series of metaphor-comprehension studies with college students, we measured both fluid intelligence (using the nonverbal Raven’s Progressive Matrices test) and crystalized verbal intelligence (using a new Semantic Similarities Test as well as the Vocabulary subscale of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale). Previous work has shown that measures of fluid intelligence are closely linked to individual differences in analogical reasoning, whereas measures of crystalized verbal intelligence are linked to language-specific abilities. We found that each measure had a dissociable predictive relationship to metaphor comprehension. The pattern of individual differences indicated that crystalized intelligence influences metaphor comprehension across a broad range of metaphor types, whereas individual differences in fluid intelligence mainly impact comprehension of more cognitively complex metaphors, such as those that arise in literary sources.
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