| 1. |
- Berntsson, Annika, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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An evaluation of a chironomid-based summer temperature reconstruction from west 1 central Sweden covering the last millennium
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Here we present a lake sediment study from west central Sweden that covers the last thousand years. The study site Lake Spåime is a shallow, hydrologically open lake situated above the present tree line. We applied chironomid analysis with the aim to reconstruct mean July air temperature at a high temporal resolution and we evaluated our reconstruction with significance tests and comparison with observed meteorological data. We examined the relationship between changes in chironomid-inferred July temperature, isotope hydrology and minerogenic detrital input. We also assessed the influence of running water and semi-terrestrial/terrestrial chironomids. The inferred July air temperatures ranged from 8.5˚C to 11.6˚C (mean 9.6˚C) over the past millennium. The temperatures inferred with running water- and terrestrial taxa removed was similar, but with a 0.6 ˚C higher amplitude. The results of significance testing were inconclusive. Comparison with meteorological data showed that the chironomid-based July air temperatures were similar during the last 110 years. Individual years when chironomid-inferred July air temperatures were lower than the instrumental data were characterized by low June air temperatures and high amounts of winter precipitation. From this, we assume that late snowmelt led to cool melt water input in July which in turn caused a decoupling between water and air temperatures causing too low inferred temperatures. Inferred July temperatures show similarities and discrepancies with reconstructions derived from other proxies in the region, such as tree-ring and sea surface temperature records, and fail to reconstruct the cold summer conditions characteristic of the years between AD 1650 and 1750. We conclude that the Spåime July temperature reconstruction was partly biased, possibly because of major changes in the Spåime catchment system that influenced the chironomids. For example, changes in hydrology caused by shifts in seasonality and amount of precipitation may have triggered changes in sediment erosion and deposition rates, affecting the chironomid composition to a larger extent than mean July air temperatures. Future challenges include examination of the temperature sensitivity of chironomid taxa and continued critical assessment of individual chironomid inferred temperature reconstructions, not only against other temperature proxies but also against proxies for variations in hydrology.
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| 2. |
- Comas-Bru, Laia, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating model outputs using integrated global speleothem records of climate change since the last glacial
- 2019
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Ingår i: Climate of the Past. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1814-9324 .- 1814-9332. ; 15:4, s. 1557-1579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although quantitative isotope data from speleothems has been used to evaluate isotope-enabled model simulations, currently no consensus exists regarding the most appropriate methodology through which to achieve this. A number of modelling groups will be running isotope-enabled palaeoclimate simulations in the framework of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, so it is timely to evaluate different approaches to using the speleothem data for data-model comparisons. Here, we illustrate this using 456 globally distributed speleothem delta O-18 records from an updated version of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL) database and palaeoclimate simulations generated using the ECHAM5-wiso isotope-enabled atmospheric circulation model. We show that the SISAL records reproduce the first-order spatial patterns of isotopic variability in the modern day, strongly supporting the application of this dataset for evaluating model-derived isotope variability into the past. However, the discontinuous nature of many speleothem records complicates the process of procuring large numbers of records if data-model comparisons are made using the traditional approach of comparing anomalies between a control period and a given palaeoclimate experiment. To circumvent this issue, we illustrate techniques through which the absolute isotope values during any time period could be used for model evaluation. Specifically, we show that speleothem isotope records allow an assessment of a model's ability to simulate spatial isotopic trends. Our analyses provide a protocol for using speleothem isotope data for model evaluation, including screening the observations to take into account the impact of speleothem mineralogy on delta O-18 values, the optimum period for the modern observational baseline and the selection of an appropriate time window for creating means of the isotope data for palaeo-time-slices.
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| 3. |
- Duethorn, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of micro-site conditions on tree-ring climate signals and trends in central and northern Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: Trees. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0931-1890 .- 1432-2285. ; 27:5, s. 1395-1404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tree-ring chronologies are important indicators of pre-instrumental, natural climate variability. Some of the longest chronologies are from northern Fennoscandia, where ring width measurement series from living trees are combined with series from sub-fossil trees, preserved in shallow lakes, to form millennial-length records. We here assess the recent ends of such timeseries by comparing climate signals and growth characteristics in central and northern Sweden, of (1) trees growing at lakeshore micro-sites (representing the source of sub-fossil material of supra-long chronologies), with (2) trees collected in dryer micro-sites several meters inland. Calibration trials reveal a predominating June-September temperature signal in N-Sweden and a weaker but significant May-September precipitation signal in C-Sweden. At the micro-site level, the temperature signal in N-Sweden is stronger in the lakeshore trees compared to the inland trees, whereas the precipitation signal in C-Sweden remains unchanged among the lakeshore and inland trees. Tree-rings at cambial ages > 40 years are also substantially wider in the lakeshore micro-site in C-Sweden, and juvenile rings are more variable (and wider) in the dryer micro-site in N-Sweden (compared to the adjacent micro-sites). By combining the data of the various micro-sites with relict samples spanning the past 1,000 years, we demonstrate that growth rate differences at the micro-site scale can affect the low frequency trends of millennial-length chronologies. For the supra-long chronologies from northern Fennoscandia, that are derived from sub-fossil lake material, it is recommended to combine these data with measurement series from only lakeshore trees.
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| 4. |
- Esper, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Circumferential and Longitudinal delta C-13 Variability in a Larix decidua Trunk from the Swiss Alps
- 2020
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Ingår i: Forests. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4907. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tree-ring stable isotopes are insightful proxies providing information on pre-instrumental climate fluctuations, yet the variability of these data within a tree trunk has not been fully explored. Here, we analyze longitudinal and circumferential changes in tree-ring delta C-13 values from 1991-2010, considering seven height levels from 1 to 13 m above ground and six sampling directions (radii) separated by 60 degrees around the stem. The disk samples were taken from a 360-year old European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) that grew at 1675 m above sea level in the Simplon Valley, Switzerland. Results show that the circumferential delta C-13 variability, defined as the difference between the minimum and maximum isotope values within a single ring at a certain height, ranges from 0.5 to 2.8 parts per thousand. These differences appear substantial as they match the range of year-to-year variations retained in long tree-ring delta C-13 time series used for climate reconstruction. The assessment of longitudinal variability demonstrated a systematic change of similar to 0.1 parts per thousand m(-1) towards isotopically heavier (less negative) delta C-13 values with increasing tree height, likely reflecting a vertical gradient towards isotopically heavier needle tissue due to changing microclimatic conditions and CO2 stratification within the canopy. Calibration against regional climate data indicates no substantial signal changes in delta C-13 values within the trunk. We conclude that the longitudinal isotope gradient adds uncertainty to long delta C-13 chronologies derived from subfossil material of unknown (and changing) sampling heights. The large circumferential variability recorded in the sub-alpine larch suggests that more than two cores are needed to analyze absolute delta C-13 values representative for each tree.
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| 5. |
- Esper, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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LONG-TERM SUMMER TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN THE PYRENEES FROM DETRENDED STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geochronometria. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1733-8387 .- 1897-1695. ; 42:1, s. 53-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Substantial effort has recently been put into the development of climate reconstructions from tree-ring stable carbon isotopes, though the interpretation of long-term trends retained in such timeseries remains challenging. Here we use detrended delta C-13 measurements in Pinus uncinata tree-rings, from the Spanish Pyrenees, to reconstruct decadal variations in summer temperature back to the 13th century. The June-August temperature signal of this reconstruction is attributed using decadally as well as annually resolved, 20th century delta C-13 data. Results indicate that late 20th century warming has not been unique within the context of the past 750 years. Our reconstruction contains greater amplitude than previous reconstructions derived from traditional tree-ring density data, and describes particularly cool conditions during the late 19th century. Some of these differences, including early warm periods in the 14th and 17th centuries, have been retained via d13C timeseries detrending - a novel approach in tree-ring stable isotope chronology development. The overall reduced variance in earlier studies points to an underestimation of pre-instrumental summer temperature variability derived from traditional tree-ring parameters.
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| 6. |
- Esper, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Site-specific climatic signals in stable isotope records from Swedish pine forests
- 2018
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Ingår i: Trees. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0931-1890 .- 1432-2285. ; 32:3, s. 855-869
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pinus sylvestris tree-ring delta C-13 and delta O-18 records from locally moist sites in central and northern Sweden contain consistently stronger climate signals than their dry site counterparts. We produced twentieth century stable isotope data from Pinus sylvestris trees near lakeshores and inland sites in northern Sweden (near Kiruna) and central Sweden (near Stockholm) to evaluate the influence of changing microsite conditions on the climate sensitivity of tree-ring delta C-13 and delta O-18. The data reveal a latitudinal trend towards lower C and O isotope values near the Arctic tree line (-0.8 parts per thousand for delta C-13 and - 2.4 parts per thousand for delta O-18 relative to central Sweden) reflecting widely recognized atmospheric changes. At the microsite scale, delta C-13 decreases from the dry inland to the moist lakeshore sites (- 0.7 parts per thousand in Kiruna and - 1.2 parts per thousand in Stockholm), evidence of the importance of groundwater access to this proxy. While all isotope records from northern and central Sweden correlate significantly against temperature, precipitation, cloud cover and/or drought data, climate signals in the records from moist microsites are consistently stronger, which emphasizes the importance of site selection when producing stable isotope chronologies. Overall strongest correlations are found with summer temperature, except for delta O-18 from Stockholm correlating best with instrumental drought indices. These findings are complemented by significant positive correlations with temperature-sensitive ring width data in Kiruna, and inverse (or absent) correlations with precipitation-sensitive ring width data in Stockholm. A conclusive differentiation between leading and co-varying forcings is challenging based on only the calibration against often defective instrumental climate data, and would require an improved understanding of the physiological processes that control isotope fractionation at varying microsites and joined application of forward modelling.
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| 7. |
- Finné, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Last Interglacial Climate in Northern Sweden-Insights from a Speleothem Record
- 2019
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Ingår i: Quaternary. - : MDPI AG. - 2571-550X. ; 2:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Continental records with absolute dates of the timing and progression of climatic conditions during the Last Interglacial (LIG) from northern Europe are rare. Speleothems from northern Europe have a large potential as archives for LIG environmental conditions since they were formed in sheltered environments and may be preserved beneath ice sheets. Here, we present delta C-13 and delta O-18 values from speleothem Kf-21, from Korallgrottan in Jamtland (northwest Sweden). Kf-21 is dated with five MC-ICPMS U-Th dates with errors smaller than similar to 1 ka. Kf-21 started forming at similar to 130.2 ka and the main growth phase with relatively constant growth rates lasted from 127.3 ka to 124.4 ka, after which calcite formation ceased. Both delta C-13 and delta O-18 show rapid shifts but also trends, with a range of values within their Holocene counterparts from Korallgrottan. Our results indicate an early onset of the LIG in northern Europe with ice-free conditions at similar to 130 ka. Higher growth rates combined with more negative delta O-18 values between similar to 127.3 and 126.8 ka, interpreted here as warmer and more humid conditions, as well as indications of a millennial-scale cold spell centered at 126.2 ka, resemble findings from speleothem records from other parts of Europe, highlighting that these were regional scale climatic patterns.
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| 8. |
- Hartl, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
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Micro-site conditions affect Fennoscandian forest growth
- 2021
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Ingår i: Dendrochronologia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1125-7865 .- 1612-0051. ; 65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The long tradition of dendroclimatological studies in Fennoscandia is fostered by the exceptional longevity and temperature sensitivity of tree growth, as well as the existence of well-preserved subfossil wood in shallow lakes and extent peat bogs. Although some of the world’s longest ring width and density-based climate reconstructions have been developed in northern Fennoscandia, it is still unclear if differences in micro-site ecology matter, and if so, whether they have been considered sufficiently in previous studies. We developed a Fennoscandia-wide network of 44 Scots pine ring width chronologies from 22 locations between 59°–70 °N and 16°–31 °E, to assess the effects of moist lakeshores and dry inland micro-sites on tree growth. Our network reveals a strong dependency of pine growth on July temperature, which is also reflected in latitude. Differences in forest productivity between moist and dry micro-sites are likely caused by associated effects on soil temperature. While trees at moist micro-sites at western locations exhibit higher growth rates, this pattern is reversed in the continental eastern part of the network, where increased ring widths are found at drier sites. In addition to the latitudinal increase in growth sensitivity to July temperature, pines at moist sites exhibit an increased dependency of summer warmth. The highest temperature sensitivity and growth coherency, and thus greatest suitability for summer temperature reconstructions, is found in those regions where July mean temperatures range between 11.5 and 13.5 °C, and May precipitation totals do not exceed 100 mm. Our study not only provides guidance for the selection of sampling sites for tree ring-based climate reconstructions, but also reveals the effect of micro-site ecology on Fennoscandian forest growth. The manifestation of micro-site effects varies substantially over the Fennoscandian boreal forest and is predominately triggered by the geographical setting of the stand as expressed by differing abiotic site factors.
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| 9. |
- Holzkämper, Steffen, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in Picea glauca tree rings and Sphagnum fuscum moss remains from subarctic Canada
- 2012
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Ingår i: Quaternary Research. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0033-5894 .- 1096-0287. ; 78:2, s. 295-302
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stable isotope ratios from tree rings and peatland mosses have become important proxies of past climate variations. We here compare recent stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in cellulose of tree rings from white spruce (Picea glauca), growing near the arctic tree line; and cellulose of Sphagnum fuscum stems, growing in a hummock of a subarctic peatland, in west-central Canada. Results show that carbon isotopes in S. fuscum correlate significantly with July temperatures over the past similar to 20 yr. The oxygen isotopes correlate with both summer temperature and precipitation. Analyses of the tree-ring isotopes revealed summer temperatures to be the main controlling factor for carbon isotope variations, whereas tree-ring oxygen isotope ratios are controlled by a combination of spring temperatures and precipitation totals. We also explore the potential of combining high-frequency (annual) climate signals derived from long tree-ring series with low-frequency (decadal to centennial) climate signals derived from the moss remains in peat deposits. This cross-archive comparison revealed no association between the oxygen isotopes, which likely results from the varying sensitivity of the archives to different seasons. For the carbon isotopes, common variance could be achieved through adjustments of the Sphagnum age model within dating error.
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| 10. |
- Holzkämper, Steffen, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Late Pleistocene stalagmite growth in Wolkberg Cave, South Africa
- 2009
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Ingår i: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 282, s. 212-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known about the sequence of climate and environmental change in southern Africa during the last glacial period, in spite of the intimations from records, such as Antarctic ice cores and archaeological sites, that very marked changes took place which would have had profound effects on vegetation and animal distributions across the sub-continent. High-resolution, (semi-) continuous climate and environmental records can be extracted from suitable cave speleothems. Speleothems are reasonably abundant in southern Africa, but their occurrence is patchy in time and space and the records can be difficult to interpret. Here we report our assessment of the stalagmite W5 from Wolkberg Cave in the northeastern part of South Africa, as an archive for glacial-period climatic and environmental shifts. The cave is located at 1450 m asl, in the dolomitic limestones of the Transvaal System in an area currently dominated by C4 grass vegetation. Nine U/Th dates show growth from 58 to 46 ka, and a second brief phase ca. 40 ka, indicating that the available moisture was sufficient to allow speleothems to form. The δ18O and δ13C values along the growth axis show variability in the order of 2‰ for the former, while variability in the latter is characterized by a shift from values near − 2‰ in the older section to + 2‰ or more in the younger part. These high δ13C values are probably the combined result of CO2 degassing of the percolating soil water prior to the carbonate precipitation in the cave chamber, the increasing dominance of C4 over C3 vegetation, and the high percentage of aragonite towards the stalagmite's top. The retrieved data point towards increasingly drier and colder conditions during the growth period of the stalagmite. Furthermore, the high-frequency variations of δ18O values indicate the presence of short term climate oscillations that are probably linked to shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.
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