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- Eide, M.H., et al.
(författare)
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) of cleaning-in-place processes in dairies
- 2003
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Ingår i: Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + Technologie. - 0023-6438 .- 1096-1127. ; 36:3, s. 303-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four Cleaning-In-Place (CIP) methods for dairies were compared using life cycle assessment (LCA). The methods were conventional alkaline/acid cleaning with hot water disinfection, one-phase alkaline cleaning with acid chemical disinfection, enzyme-based cleaning with acid chemical disinfection and the conventional method with disinfection by cold nitric acid at pH 2. Production of detergents, transport, the user phase in the dairy and waste management of containers were included. The user phase was found to be the most important part of the life cycle. The CIP methods with small volumes and low temperatures, such as enzyme-based cleaning and one-phase alkaline cleaning, turned out to be the best alternatives for the impact categories energy use, global warming, acidification, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation. Milk residues flushed out in the rinsing phase were the main contributor to eutrophication, but the phosphorus and nitrogen in the detergents also influenced the results. Evaluation of toxic substances poses a methodological problem in LCA. In this study, detergents partly composed of toxic substances were included, and the overall assessment was that the one-phase alkaline cleaning method was preferable from an environmental point of view. A qualitative assessment of toxicity was performed. © 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of Swiss Society of Food Science and Technology.
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| 2. |
- Kure, C.F., et al.
(författare)
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Use of the selective agar medium CREAD for monitoring the level of airborne spoilage moulds in cheese production
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Food Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1605 .- 1879-3460. ; 122:42006, s. 29-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It was investigated if a selective medium for common cheese spoiling moulds (CREAD) could give more relevant information than a general mould medium in hygienic air-sampling in cheese factories. A total of 126 air-samples were taken in six Nordic cheese factories using the general mould medium DG18 and CREAD. The level and genera of air-borne mould was determined. Identification to species-level was performed for a selection of samples. In five cheese factories the mycobiota was dominated by Penicillium spp. and in one cheese factory by Cladosporium spp. The concentration of air-borne moulds varied between the cheese factories ranging from 1 to 270 cfu/m3 on DG18 with a median value of 17. The number of mould colonies was in general lower at CREAD. Identification indicated that CREAD supported growth of common spoilage moulds for cheese, such as Penicillium palitans and P. commune. The mycobiota on DG18 also consisted of moulds not commonly associated with spoilage of cheese, such as Cladosporium spp., P. brevicompactum and P. chrysogenum. Contamination of cheese with mould is periodically a problem in production of semi-hard cheese and the level of air-borne mould is therefore routinely monitored in cheese factories. A clear correlation between the total number of moulds in air and mould growth on products is not always found. The conclusion from the investigation is that it is recommended to use a selective medium for cheese spoilage moulds, such as CREAD in hygienic monitoring. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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