| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Deng, Huan, et al.
(författare)
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Altered Expression of the Hedgehog Pathway Proteins BMP2, BMP4, SHH, and IHH Involved in Knee Cartilage Damage of Patients With Osteoarthritis and Kashin-Beck Disease
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cartilage. - : Sage Publications. - 1947-6035 .- 1947-6043. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway proteins in knee articular cartilage from Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients.METHODS: Knee articular cartilage samples were collected from normal (N), OA, and KBD adults (aged 38-60 years) and divided into 3 groups with 6 subjects in each group. The localization of the HH pathway proteins bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), Sonic hedgehog (SHH), and Indian hedgehog (IHH) was observed with the microscope after immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Positive staining cell rates of each proteins were compared.RESULTS: The strongest stainings of all proteins were observed in the middle zones of all 3 groups. The positive staining rates of BMP4 and IHH were significantly lower in the OA and KBD groups than those in the N group in all 3 zones. The positive staining rates of BMP2 and SHH tend to be lower in the OA and KBD groups than those in the N group in the deep zone, while higher in the OA and KBD groups than those in the N group in superficial and middle zones.CONCLUSIONS: Altered expression of the HH pathway proteins BMP2, BMP4, SHH, and IHH was found in OA and KBD articular cartilage. There seemed to be a compensatory effect between SHH and IHH in cartilage damage. Further studies on the pathogenesis of OA and KBD may be carried out from these aspects in the future.
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| 3. |
- Deng, Huan, et al.
(författare)
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Progress of selenium deficiency in the pathogenesis of arthropathies and selenium supplement for their treatment
- 2022
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Ingår i: Biological Trace Element Research. - : Springer Nature. - 0163-4984 .- 1559-0720. ; 200, s. 4238-4249
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Selenium, an essential trace element for human health, exerts an indispensable effect in maintaining physiological homeostasis and functions in the body. Selenium deficiency is associated with arthropathies, such as Kashin-Beck disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. Selenium deficiency mainly affects the normal physiological state of bone and cartilage through oxidative stress reaction and immune reaction. This review aims to explore the role of selenium deficiency and its mechanisms existed in the pathogenesis of arthropathies. Meanwhile, this review also summarized various experiments to highlight the crucial functions of selenium in maintaining the homeostasis of bone and cartilage.
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| 4. |
- Han, Jing, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of N-glycoproteins of knee cartilage from adult osteoarthritis and Kashin-Beck disease based on quantitative glycoproteomics, compared with normal control cartilage
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cells. - : MDPI. - 2073-4409. ; 11:16, s. 2513-2513
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glycoproteins are involved in the development of many diseases, while the type and content of N-glycoproteins in the cartilage of osteoarthritis (OA) and Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) are still unclear. This research aims to identify N-glycoproteins in knee cartilage patients with OA and KBD compared with normal control (N) adults. The cartilage samples were collected from gender- and age-matched OA (n = 9), KBD (n = 9) patients, and N (n = 9) adults. Glycoproteomics and label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) obtained N-glycoproteins of KBD and OA. A total of 594 N-glycoproteins and 1146 N-glycosylation peptides were identified. The identified data were further compared and analyzed with Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Protein-Protein Interactions (PPI). Pairwise comparison of the glycoproteins detected in the three groups showed that integrin beta-1 (ITGB1), collagen alpha-1 (II) chain (COL2A1), collagen alpha-1 (VII) chain (COL7A1), carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 (CHST-3), carbohydrate sulfotransferase 4 (CHST-4), thrombospondin 2 (THBS2), bone morphogenetic protein 8A (BMP8A), tenascin-C (TNC), lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP2), and beta-glucuronidase (GUSB) were significantly differentially expressed. GO results suggested N-glycoproteins mainly belonged to protein metabolic process, single-multicellular and multicellular organism process, cell adhesion, biological adhesion, and multicellular organism development. KEGG and PPI results revealed that key N-glycoproteins were closely related to pathways for OA and KBD, such as phagosome, ECM-receptor interaction, lysosome, focal adhesion, protein digestion, and absorption. These results reflected glycoprotein expression for OA and KBD in the process of ECM degradation, material transport, cell-cell or cell-ECM interaction, and information transduction. These key significantly differentially expressed N-glycoproteins and pathways lead to the degeneration and degradation of the cartilage of OA and KBD mainly by disrupting the synthesis and catabolism of basic components of ECM and chondrocytes and interfering with the transfer of material or information. The key N-glycoproteins or pathways in this research are potential targets for pathological mechanisms and therapies of OA and KBD.
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| 5. |
- Han, Jing, et al.
(författare)
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Nano-elemental selenium particle developed via supramolecularself-assembly of chondroitin sulfate A and Na2SeO3 to repaircartilage lesions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Carbohydrate Polymers. - : Elsevier. - 0144-8617 .- 1879-1344. ; 316
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cartilage repair is a significant clinical issue due to its restricted ability to regenerate and self-heal after cartilage lesions or degenerative disease. Herein, a nano-elemental selenium particle (chondroitin sulfate A‑selenium nanoparticle, CSA-SeNP) is developed by the supramolecular self-assembly of Na2SeO3 and negatively charged chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) via electrostatic interactions or hydrogen bonds followed by in-situ reducing of l-ascorbic acid for cartilage lesions repair. The constructed micelle exhibits a hydrodynamic particle size of 171.50 ± 2.40 nm and an exceptionally high selenium loading capacity (9.05 ± 0.03 %) and can promote chondrocyte proliferation, increase cartilage thickness, and improve the ultrastructure of chondrocytes and organelles. It mainly enhances the sulfation modification of chondroitin sulfate by up-regulating the expression of chondroitin sulfate 4-O sulfotransferase-1, −2, −3, which in turn promotes the expression of aggrecan to repair articular and epiphyseal-plate cartilage lesions. The micelles combine the bio-activity of CSA with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), which are less toxic than Na2SeO3, and low doses of CSA-SeNP are even superior to inorganic selenium in repairing cartilage lesions in rats. Thus, the developed CSA-SeNP is anticipated to be a promising selenium supplementation preparation in clinical application to address the difficulty of healing cartilage lesions with outstanding repair effects.
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| 6. |
- Huang, Ke, et al.
(författare)
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Tailoring magnetic order via atomically stacking 3d/5d electrons to achieve high-performance spintronic devices
- 2020
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Reviews. - : AMER INST PHYSICS. - 1931-9401. ; 7:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ability to tune magnetic orders, such as magnetic anisotropy and topological spin texture, is desired to achieve high-performance spintronic devices. A recent strategy has been to employ interfacial engineering techniques, such as the introduction of spin-correlated interfacial coupling, to tailor magnetic orders and achieve novel magnetic properties. We chose a unique polar-nonpolar LaMnO3/SrIrO3 superlattice because Mn (3d)/Ir (5d) oxides exhibit rich magnetic behaviors and strong spin-orbit coupling through the entanglement of their 3d and 5d electrons. Through magnetization and magnetotransport measurements, we found that the magnetic order is interface-dominated as the superlattice period is decreased. We were able to then effectively modify the magnetization, tilt of the ferromagnetic easy axis, and symmetry transition of the anisotropic magnetoresistance of the LaMnO3/SrIrO3 superlattice by introducing additional Mn (3d) and Ir (5d) interfaces. Further investigations using in-depth first-principles calculations and numerical simulations revealed that these magnetic behaviors could be understood by the 3d/5d electron correlation and Rashba spin-orbit coupling. The results reported here demonstrate a new route to synchronously engineer magnetic properties through the atomic stacking of different electrons, which would contribute to future applications in high-capacity storage devices and advanced computing.
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| 7. |
- Jiao, Jian, et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness of non-surgical periodontal therapy in a large Chinese population with chronic periodontitis
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. - : Wiley. - 0303-6979. ; 44:1, s. 42-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) and its influential factors in a large Chinese population with chronic periodontitis. Methods: Periodontal examination data of 10,789 patients with at least one periodontal re-evaluation record were extracted from a hospital-based electronic periodontal charting record system. Probing depth (PD) and bleeding index (BI) reductions after NSPT and their influential factors were analysed by multilevel analysis. Results: Mean PD reductions at patient level and site level were 0.62 and 0.65 mm respectively. Mean reductions of percentage of tooth with BI > 1 and BI > 2 were 14.9% and 25.21%. Multilevel analysis demonstrated that PD and BI reductions were mainly influenced by baseline PD, baseline attachment loss (AL), baseline mobility, tooth type and frequency of periodontal maintenance (FPM). Besides, PD reduction was associated with baseline BI for all sites and was associated with gender and smoking status for sites with baseline PD ≥ 5 mm. Conclusion: The effectiveness of NSPT on patients with chronic periodontitis was proved in a large Chinese population. Outcomes of NSPT were mainly influenced by baseline PD, baseline AL, baseline mobility, tooth type and FPM.
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| 8. |
- Jing, Chun-lei, et al.
(författare)
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Avian malaria parasite infections do not affect personality in the chestnut thrush (Turdus rubrocanus) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
- 2023
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Ingår i: Heliyon. - : Cell Press. - 2405-8440. ; 9:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Personality traits, the consistent individual behavioral differences, are currently gaining much attention in studies of natural bird populations. However, associations between personality traits and parasite infections are not often investigated. Even less attention has been given to studies of birds in the high-elevation region such as the Tibetan plateau. This research aims to examine the relationship between avian malaria parasites and two personality traits in a population of the Chestnut Thrush (Turdus rubrocanus) breed in the Tibetan plateau. Our results revealed no evidence of sex bias in malaria parasite prevalence. Furthermore, we found no effect of infection status on two personality scores: activity and boldness. Additionally, no effects on the activity level or boldness were observed for different parasite lineages of Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, the sex of the birds, or their interactions. Similarly, we did not find any relationship between activity level and boldness with nestling numbers, sex, or their interactions. Notably, individuals with a larger number of offspring tended to display greater boldness. Our findings indicate that blood parasite infections are common in this population but do not significantly impact the personality of the birds.
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| 9. |
- Kim, Jongho, et al.
(författare)
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Remarkable conductivity enhancement in P-doped polythiophenes via rational engineering of polymer-dopant interactions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Materials Today Advances. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-0498. ; 18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Molecular doping is an effective approach to tune the charge density and optimize electrical performance of conjugated polymers. However, the introduction of dopants, on the other hand, may disturb the polymer microstructure and disrupt the charge transport path, often leading to a decrease of charge carrier mobility and deterioration of electrical conductivity of the doped films. Here we show that dopant-induced disorder can be overcome by rational engineering of polymer-dopant interactions, resulting in remarkable enhancement of electrical conductivity. Benchmark poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and its analogous random polymers of 3-hexylthiophene and thiophene P[(3HT)1-x-stat-(T)x] were synthesized and doped by 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ). Remarkably, random P[(3HT)1-x-stat-(T)x] was doped to a far superior electrical conductivity, that in the case of x ≥ 0.24, the conductivity of P[(3HT)1-x-stat-(T)x] is over 100 times higher than that of the doped P3HT, despite both P3HT and P[(3HT)1-x-stat-(T)x] exhibit comparable charge carrier mobility in their pristine state and in spite of their practically identical redox properties. This result can be traced back to the formation of π-stacked polymer-dopant-polymer co-crystals exhibiting extremely short packing distances of 3.13–3.15 Å. The mechanism behind these performances is based on a new role played by the dopant molecules that we name “bridging-gluing”. The results are coherently verified by the combination of optical absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, density functional theory calculations, and molecular dynamics simulations.
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| 10. |
- Lei, Jian, et al.
(författare)
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Altered expression of aggrecan, FAM20B, B3GALT6, and EXTL2 in patients with osteoarthritis and Kashin-Beck disease
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cartilage. - : Sage Publications. - 1947-6035 .- 1947-6043. ; 13:Suppl 1, s. 818S-828S
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of enzymes involved in synthesis and modification of chondroitin sulfate (CS) in knee cartilage tissue of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and Kashin-Beck disease (KBD).METHODS: The knee articular cartilage samples were obtained from 18 age- and gender-matched donors with 6 each in KBD, OA, and control groups. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, toluidine blue (TB) staining, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were performed to estimate the expression level and localization of aggrecan, along with FAM20B, GalT-II, and EXTL2, which are associated with CS synthesis and modification. Rank-based analyses of variance test was used for the multiple comparisons of discrepancy in the positive staining rate among the 3 groups.RESULTS: In HE and TB staining results, damaged morphology, decreased chondrocyte numbers and proteoglycans were observed in OA and KBD groups compared with the control group. In line with these trends, the positive staining rates of aggrecan were lower in KBD and OA groups than in the control group. Meanwhile, the positive staining rates of CS chain modifying enzymes FAM20B, GalT-II, and EXTL2 decreased in OA and KBD groups.CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, it was demonstrated that altered expression of CS chain modifying enzymes in OA and KBD groups influenced the synthesis procession of CS and could contribute to the damage of cartilage. Further investigation of these enzymes can provide new theoretical and experimental targets for OA and KBD pathogenesis studies.
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