| 1. |
- Beal, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
- 2020
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Ingår i: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Akiyama, Kazunori, et al.
(författare)
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The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M 87: I. Observations, calibration, imaging, and analysis*
- 2024
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 681
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In April 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration reported the first-ever event-horizon-scale images of a black hole, resolving the central compact radio source in the giant elliptical galaxy M 87. These images reveal a ring with a southerly brightness distribution and a diameter of ∼42 μas, consistent with the predicted size and shape of a shadow produced by the gravitationally lensed emission around a supermassive black hole. These results were obtained as part of the April 2017 EHT observation campaign, using a global very long baseline interferometric radio array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here, we present results based on the second EHT observing campaign, taking place in April 2018 with an improved array, wider frequency coverage, and increased bandwidth. In particular, the additional baselines provided by the Greenland telescope improved the coverage of the array. Multiyear EHT observations provide independent snapshots of the horizon-scale emission, allowing us to confirm the persistence, size, and shape of the black hole shadow, and constrain the intrinsic structural variability of the accretion flow. We have confirmed the presence of an asymmetric ring structure, brighter in the southwest, with a median diameter of 43.3-3.1+1.5 μas. The diameter of the 2018 ring is remarkably consistent with the diameter obtained from the previous 2017 observations. On the other hand, the position angle of the brightness asymmetry in 2018 is shifted by about 30 relative to 2017. The perennial persistence of the ring and its diameter robustly support the interpretation that the ring is formed by lensed emission surrounding a Kerr black hole with a mass ∼6.5× 109M. The significant change in the ring brightness asymmetry implies a spin axis that is more consistent with the position angle of the large-scale jet.
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| 4. |
- Kim, Jae-Young, et al.
(författare)
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Event Horizon Telescope imaging of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 at an extreme 20 microarcsecond resolution
- 2020
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 640
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 3C 279 is an archetypal blazar with a prominent radio jet that show broadband flux density variability across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. We use an ultra-high angular resolution technique - global Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) at 1.3mm (230 GHz) - to resolve the innermost jet of 3C 279 in order to study its fine-scale morphology close to the jet base where highly variable-ray emission is thought to originate, according to various models. The source was observed during four days in April 2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope at 230 GHz, including the phased Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, at an angular resolution of ∼20 μas (at a redshift of z = 0:536 this corresponds to ∼0:13 pc ∼ 1700 Schwarzschild radii with a black hole mass MBH = 8 × 108 M⊙). Imaging and model-fitting techniques were applied to the data to parameterize the fine-scale source structure and its variation.We find a multicomponent inner jet morphology with the northernmost component elongated perpendicular to the direction of the jet, as imaged at longer wavelengths. The elongated nuclear structure is consistent on all four observing days and across diffierent imaging methods and model-fitting techniques, and therefore appears robust. Owing to its compactness and brightness, we associate the northern nuclear structure as the VLBI "core". This morphology can be interpreted as either a broad resolved jet base or a spatially bent jet.We also find significant day-to-day variations in the closure phases, which appear most pronounced on the triangles with the longest baselines. Our analysis shows that this variation is related to a systematic change of the source structure. Two inner jet components move non-radially at apparent speeds of ∼15 c and ∼20 c (∼1:3 and ∼1:7 μas day-1, respectively), which more strongly supports the scenario of traveling shocks or instabilities in a bent, possibly rotating jet. The observed apparent speeds are also coincident with the 3C 279 large-scale jet kinematics observed at longer (cm) wavelengths, suggesting no significant jet acceleration between the 1.3mm core and the outer jet. The intrinsic brightness temperature of the jet components are ≤1010 K, a magnitude or more lower than typical values seen at ≥7mm wavelengths. The low brightness temperature and morphological complexity suggest that the core region of 3C 279 becomes optically thin at short (mm) wavelengths.
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| 5. |
- Lu, R.S., et al.
(författare)
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A ring-like accretion structure in M87 connecting its black hole and jet
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 616:7958, s. 686-690
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nearby radio galaxy M87 is a prime target for studying black hole accretion and jet formation1,2. Event Horizon Telescope observations of M87 in 2017, at a wavelength of 1.3 mm, revealed a ring-like structure, which was interpreted as gravitationally lensed emission around a central black hole3. Here we report images of M87 obtained in 2018, at a wavelength of 3.5 mm, showing that the compact radio core is spatially resolved. High-resolution imaging shows a ring-like structure of [Formula: see text] Schwarzschild radii in diameter, approximately 50% larger than that seen at 1.3 mm. The outer edge at 3.5 mm is also larger than that at 1.3 mm. This larger and thicker ring indicates a substantial contribution from the accretion flow with absorption effects, in addition to the gravitationally lensed ring-like emission. The images show that the edge-brightened jet connects to the accretion flow of the black hole. Close to the black hole, the emission profile of the jet-launching region is wider than the expected profile of a black-hole-driven jet, suggesting the possible presence of a wind associated with the accretion flow.
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| 6. |
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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 7. |
- Yang, Chih-Wen, et al.
(författare)
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Epitaxial Growth and Determination of Band Alignment of Bi2Te3–WSe2 Vertical van der Waals Heterojunctions
- 2020
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Ingår i: ACS Materials Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2639-4979. ; 2:10, s. 1351-1359
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artificial heterojunctions formed by vertical stacking of dissimilar two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayer materials in a chosen sequence hold tantalizing prospects for futuristic atomically thin circuits. The emergence of 2D topological insulators (TI), including Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, and Sb2Te3, represents a new class of 2D building blocks and can complement the existing artificial heterojunctions as a result of their intriguing surface states protected by the time-reversal symmetry. However, the determination of band alignments of such 2D TI/TMD vertical heterojunctions, the key parameter for designing HJ-based electronic/photonic devices, which lies in the development of epitaxy growth, remains in its infancy. Here, we demonstrate the epitaxy growth of 2D TI/TMD vertical heterojunctions comprised of Bi2Te3/WSe2 with atomically clean interfaces that are spectroscopically accessible, and theoretically tractable. Cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images and the presence of interlayer-coupled characteristics from Raman spectroscopy collectively confirm the neat stacking of Bi2Te3/WSe2 with the absence of unwanted containments. Microbeam X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ΌXPS) measurement coupled with the density functional theory (DFT) calculations and electrical characteristics of field effect transistors quantitatively reveals the type-II alignment of vertically stacked of quintuple layers (QL) Bi2Te3/WSe2. Meanwhile, the type-III band emerges when transitioning to multi-quintuple layer (MQL) Bi2Te3/WSe2. The finding here provides a well-defined example of the epitaxy growth paradigm, the interlayer coupling-electronic properties relationship, for these emerging 2D TI/TMDs vertical heterojunctions. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
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| 8. |
- You, Xiaohu, et al.
(författare)
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Towards 6G wireless communication networks: vision, enabling technologies, and new paradigm shifts
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science China Information Sciences. - : Science Press. - 1674-733X .- 1869-1919. ; 64:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks are being deployed worldwide from 2020 and more capabilities are in the process of being standardized, such as mass connectivity, ultra-reliability, and guaranteed low latency. However, 5G will not meet all requirements of the future in 2030 and beyond, and sixth generation (6G) wireless communication networks are expected to provide global coverage, enhanced spectral/energy/cost efficiency, better intelligence level and security, etc. To meet these requirements, 6G networks will rely on new enabling technologies, i.e., air interface and transmission technologies and novel network architecture, such as waveform design, multiple access, channel coding schemes, multi-antenna technologies, network slicing, cell-free architecture, and cloud/fog/edge computing. Our vision on 6G is that it will have four new paradigm shifts. First, to satisfy the requirement of global coverage, 6G will not be limited to terrestrial communication networks, which will need to be complemented with non-terrestrial networks such as satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication networks, thus achieving a space-air-ground-sea integrated communication network. Second, all spectra will be fully explored to further increase data rates and connection density, including the sub-6 GHz, millimeter wave (mmWave), terahertz (THz), and optical frequency bands. Third, facing the big datasets generated by the use of extremely heterogeneous networks, diverse communication scenarios, large numbers of antennas, wide bandwidths, and new service requirements, 6G networks will enable a new range of smart applications with the aid of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data technologies. Fourth, network security will have to be strengthened when developing 6G networks. This article provides a comprehensive survey of recent advances and future trends in these four aspects. Clearly, 6G with additional technical requirements beyond those of 5G will enable faster and further communications to the extent that the boundary between physical and cyber worlds disappears.
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| 9. |
- Liang, Rong-Hao, et al.
(författare)
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Demo Hour
- 2014
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Ingår i: interactions. - : ACM. - 1072-5520 .- 1558-3449. ; 21:5, s. 6-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interactivity is a unique forum of the ACM CHI Conference that showcases hands-on demonstrations, novel interactive technologies, and artistic installations. At CHI 2014, we aimed to create a "one of a CHInd" Interactivity experience with more than 60 interactive exhibits to highlight the diverse group of computer scientists, sociologists, designers, psychologists, artists, and many more that make up the CHI community. Julie Rico Williamson and Steven Benford, CHI Interactivity Chairs
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| 10. |
- Louis, Boris, et al.
(författare)
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Unravelling 3D Dynamics and Hydrodynamics during Incorporation of Dielectric Particles to an Optical Trapping Site
- 2023
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Ingår i: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 17:4, s. 3797-3808
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mapping of the spatial and temporal motion of particles inside an optical field is critical for understanding and further improvement of the 3D spatio-temporal control over their optical trapping dynamics. However, it is not trivial to capture the 3D motion, and most imaging systems only capture a 2D projection of the 3D motion, in which the information about the axial movement is not directly available. In this work, we resolve the 3D incorporation trajectories of 200 nm fluorescent polystyrene particles in an optical trapping site under different optical experimental conditions using a recently developed widefield multiplane microscope (imaging volume of 50 × 50 × 4 μm3). The particles are gathered at the focus following some preferential 3D channels that show a shallow cone distribution. We demonstrate that the radial and the axial flow speed components depend on the axial distance from the focus, which is directly related to the scattering/gradient optical forces. While particle velocities and trajectories are mainly determined by the trapping laser profile, they cannot be completely explained without considering collective effects resulting from hydrodynamic forces.
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