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| 2. |
- Clark, Eric, et al.
(författare)
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Co-evolution under globalization : boundary lessons from Kinmen Island
- 2002
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Ingår i: Benefits Beyond Boundaries in East Asia. ; , s. 423-433
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A growing mass of research contributes to our understanding of how cultural and environmental systems coevolve, whereby environmental systems reflect the characteristics of social/cultural systems and vice versa. Biodiversity and cultural diversity are intrinsically related in the processes of coevolution that generate change in the patchwork quilt of cultural and natural landscapes. These processes are especially apparent in the context of small inhabited islands. This paper argues for the relevance of a coevolutionary perspective for understanding how ongoing processes of globalization impact on biological and cultural diversity. Boundary issues surrounding coevolution under globalization are highlighted. These are exemplified and analyzed in the context of Kinmen (Quemoy) Island’s history. Conclusions focus on boundary lessons from this history.
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| 3. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 4. |
- Mahajan, Anubha, et al.
(författare)
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Multi-ancestry genetic study of type 2 diabetes highlights the power of diverse populations for discovery and translation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Nature. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 54:5, s. 560-572
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We assembled an ancestrally diverse collection of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in 180,834 affected individuals and 1,159,055 controls (48.9% non-European descent) through the Diabetes Meta-Analysis of Trans-Ethnic association studies (DIAMANTE) Consortium. Multi-ancestry GWAS meta-analysis identified 237 loci attaining stringent genome-wide significance (P < 5 x 10(-9)), which were delineated to 338 distinct association signals. Fine-mapping of these signals was enhanced by the increased sample size and expanded population diversity of the multi-ancestry meta-analysis, which localized 54.4% of T2D associations to a single variant with >50% posterior probability. This improved fine-mapping enabled systematic assessment of candidate causal genes and molecular mechanisms through which T2D associations are mediated, laying the foundations for functional investigations. Multi-ancestry genetic risk scores enhanced transferability of T2D prediction across diverse populations. Our study provides a step toward more effective clinical translation of T2D GWAS to improve global health for all, irrespective of genetic background. Genome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in ancestrally diverse populations implicate candidate causal genes and mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes. Trans-ancestry genetic risk scores enhance transferability across populations.
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| 5. |
- Clark, Eric, et al.
(författare)
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Ecologically unequal exchange and landesque capital on Kinmen Island
- 2009
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Ingår i: Asia-Pacific Forum. - 1729-2980. ; 44, s. 148-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two conceptual tools in historical analyses of environmental issues and political ecologies have gained much attention in recent years: ecologically unequal exchange and landesque capital. The former narrows in on how societal relations of power allow for the physical transfer of environmental degradation—upon which our daily consumption rests—to places far away from our environmentally clean (and therefore often presumed sustainable) homes, cities and regions. The latter focuses instead on the power of human activity to improve environmental conditions, commonly in terms of soil fertility, biodiversity, land cover, carrying capacity, resilience vis-à-vis ecological degradation, or other dimensions of sustainability. One draws attention to the geographically uneven and ecologically detrimental consequences of human activities, while the other draws attention to the potential of human activities to reinforce the resilience and sustainability of social-ecological systems. There is an interesting tension between these processes which calls for closer inspection. The purpose of this paper is to bring them together in the same empirical analysis.
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| 6. |
- Clark, Eric, et al.
(författare)
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Islands: ecologically unequal exchange and landesque capital
- 2012
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Ingår i: Ecology and power: struggles over land and material resources in the past, present and future. - 9780415601467 ; , s. 52-67
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our purpose in this chapter is to give a brief perspective on islands in global historical-political ecology, focusing on ecologically unequal exchange and the formation of landesque capital. We emphasize how these processes are intertwined and recursively connected in broader contexts of uneven development. Empirical examples draw on our research into the historical-political ecology of islands and archipelagos which have since 1949 been geopolitically part of Taiwan, the Republic of China: Kinmen (Quemoy) Island in the Fukien Province of China, the Penghu Archipelago (Pescadores) in the Taiwan Strait, and Pongso no Tau (Lanyu, Orchid Island), a northern outlier of the Batanes Islands, southeast of Taiwan. The aim is not so much to draw comparisons between these cases as to draw connections, both between the processes of ecologically unequal exchange and formation of landesque capital, and between the peripheral islands and the global political economy/ecology of which they are part.
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