| 1. |
- Hult, Carl, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Autonomi och Ansvar : Människans roll i framtidens sjöfart
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this project has been to explore future shipping centering around the human operators in the system. The ambition has been to offer a complementary perspective to ongoing technical developments and to put these into a social and organizational context. This report’s purpose has been to provide supportive information to administrations, the shipping industry and maritime vocational programs. Another goal has been to provide a clearer picture of the future, which hopefully will interest more young people for professions in the shipping industry.The role of human operators in future shipping has been explored based on two complementary perspectives, a sociological and a sociotechnical perspective. The main approach has been to collect, analyze and summarize attitudes, opinions and points of views of relevant actors. Data has been collected through focus groups with the advisory board, active seagoing officer and personnel in the maritime vocational education, as well as interviews with pilots and VTS-personnel. Further a survey was sent to all officers in the Swedish seafarer’s registry. In the beginning, two SWOT analyses (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) were conducted to provide a basis to the development of three different scenarios for future vessel concepts: vessel with less manning, convoy vessels, and vessel that is unmanned and supervised from shore for larger parts of the voyage. The vessel concepts were used in focus groups and semi-structured interviews to analyze the role of human operators, the organization of future traffic, resilience and potential competence demands in future shipping.The results show that the timeline for the implementation of different vessel concepts will certainly differ depending on the area of operation. The process will occur successively from well-protected test-areas towards routes in open waters. However, it is has been estimated that Swedish un-manned vessel operations in more established form will first be found in territorial coastal waters. The problem of operational responsibility is believed to become particularly difficult with unmanned vessels in international traffic.However, it has become clear that if the vessels become unmanned, the problem of operational responsibility becomes difficult to solve. Further, the results also show that the Swedish vocational training has the potential to quickly adapt to these changes. The results from the survey show that officers lack confidence and trust in the development towards unmanned traffic.Further, it might be hard to recruit older and more experienced officers to work ashore. However, nautical science and marine engineering student show a more positive attitude towards working in a shore-based center. The FRAM-analysis shows that the complexity of traffic organization and management is likely to increase with the introduction of unmanned vessels. It is anticipated that shore-based centers will not be able to substitute current services, such as pilotage or VTS. Thus, an increased need to communicate and coordinate across actors, such as pilots, VTS, port, may arise.The project’s results show that the complexity of change in the transport system is likely to require a systems approach to ensure that different perspectives and voices are acknowledge. It is not about developing the right technology, or services, but rather about understanding how various aspects, such as infrastructure, job motivation, competence demands, organization, and leadership will be affected by change.
|
|
| 2. |
- Hult, Carl, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
On the Future of Maritime Transport - Discussing Terminology and Timeframes
- 2019
-
Ingår i: TransNav, International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. - : Faculty of Navigation. - 2083-6473 .- 2083-6481. ; 13:2, s. 269-273
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper offers an analytical discussion on the terminology and timeframes related to the future of shipping. The discussion is based on issues that have surfaced within the Swedish research project Autonomy and responsibility. The paper argues that the concept 'autonomous ships' has become an indicator of that seafarers soon will become obsolete - which may have negative consequences for the supply of maritime competence in coming years - and that the proper definition of the term 'autonomous' describes something that will never apply to a ship. Ships can be given the possibility, but hardly the full right or condition of self-government. It is argued that 'smart ships', or perhaps 'intelligent ships', are more appropriate, since these terms describe the current and future state of technology without predicting how humans will prefer to use it. The estimated timeframes for implementation of unmanned ships suggest no threat to the seafaring occupation for coming generation. The content of the occupation will of course change due to the phase of implementation of degree of digitalization, but there will always be a need for maritime knowledge and understanding.
|
|
| 3. |
- Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards Autonomous Shipping : Exploring Potential Threats and Opportunities in Future Maritime Operations
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Advances in Human Factors of Transportation. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030205027 - 9783030205034 ; , s. 633-644
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents findings from an ongoing research project aiming to study the future of shipping operations with a specific focus on issues related to human roles, responsibilities and the organization of work. A focus group with representatives for the Swedish shipping cluster (n = 6) and academia (n = 2) has been conducted to explore potential strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) with the developments towards autonomous shipping. The results show an overall concern for how to realize the transition between today’s maritime traffic and a future setting where vessels may be operated from shore. Technology to automate navigational tasks and increase the degree of autonomy in shipping are developing, but more attention needs to be paid to the transition of work that may accompany the ongoing developments. Clear roles, responsibili- ties and a definition of potential operator competences need to be formulated to ensure a human-centered development for safer shipping.
|
|
| 4. |
- Sandberg, Carl, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Committed Service Crew : The Impact of Passenger Proximity on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction
- 2020
-
Ingår i: TransNav, International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. - Gdynia : Gdynia Maritime University. - 2083-6473 .- 2083-6481. ; 14:3, s. 595-600
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study focuses on the pattern of organizational commitment and job satisfaction among seafarers working on passenger vessels, compared to those working on board other types of ships. The dependent variable in the study is organizational commitment. Work position, age and job satisfaction are used as independent variables. The question posed in this study is whether the pattern of organizational commitment and job satisfaction differ depending on the proximity to passengers. The material is based on a survey sent to a random sample of seafarers in the Swedish Transport Agency’s register of seafarers. It has been analyzed with descriptive statistics and multivariate regressions comparing the two categories of vessels. The results show that organizational commitment is higher on passenger vessels, while the effect of job satisfaction on organizational commitment is slightly higher for ships that do not carry passengers. For managers in the service department, the level of commitment is to a higher extent dependent on job satisfaction. Development and communication of career options and opportunities for the service crew is suggested as a way to enhance organizational commitment and job satisfaction among this group.
|
|
| 5. |
- Österman, Cecilia, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Ge ombordanställda rättmätig status
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Sjöfartstidningen. - Göteborg : Svensk sjöfarts tidnings förlag AB. - 2000-933X.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Debatt: Pandemin har lett till svåra arbetsförhållanden för sjöfolk. De hålls isolerade ombord, vilket ökar ohälsan och har lett till konflikter och våld. Det rapporteras om tio självmord bland sjömän som varit fast på fartyg. Fyra arbetslivs- och arbetsmiljöforskare på Linnéuniversitetet kräver i en debattartikel att ombordanställda ges rättmätig status som samhällsviktiga arbetare.
|
|
| 6. |
- Boström, Magnus, 1981-
(författare)
-
Creating clarity and managing complexity through co-operation and communication : The case of Swedish icebreaker operations
- 2020
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sea transportation is vital for the global economy, and the amount of seaborne trade is expected to increase in the future. In some areas, icebreakers are necessary for maintaining open shipping lanes all-year round and ensuring safe navigation. Vessels operating in ice are exposed to harsh environmental factors such as severe weather and heavy ice, and when external forces become too strong vessels will depend on icebreaker assistance. However, successful icebreaker operations require the icebreaker to operate in close vicinity to the assisted vessel to break the ice, which in turn increases the risk of collision.There are many factors which make icebreaker operations complex. The aim of this thesis is to use work organization, operational safety, and interpersonal communication as three lenses to describe and analyse the complexity of icebreaker operations, and its implications for practice. To thoroughly investigate this complexity, data are drawn from numerous sources; semi-structured interviews, a questionnaire, and a substantial amount of recorded authentic communication all provide complementary insights.The results show that the icebreaker performs a multitude of tasks directly concerned with icebreaking, e.g. directing and physically assisting other vessels, but that these tasks indirectly rely on interpersonal interaction and communication. A number of conflicting constraints add to the complexity. For example, harsh winter conditions impede vessels’ independent navigation in ice, while offering icebreaker crews opportunities to practice and maintain important skills. Furthermore, it was shown that language skills and communication play an important role in upholding the operational safety. However, closed-loop communication is not always used as intended, a deviation from intended communication protocol with potential to increase the risk of misunderstandings.This thesis suggests that safety and efficiency of winter navigation can be enhanced by making better use of existing technology and data; by examining the past track of other vessels, e.g. via AIS, finding suitable ice tracks will be made easier. Another implication concerning communication is that training institutes should emphasize the logic behind standardized communication protocols rather than focusing on standard phrases, i.e. facilitating means for advanced English speakers to adapt their communication style. That way, novice and advanced speakers could find common ground.
|
|
| 7. |
- Hult, Carl, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Age and labour market commitment in West Germany, Denmark, Norway and Sweden
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Work, Employment and Society. - : BSA Publications Ltd.. - 0950-0170 .- 1469-8722. ; 22:1, s. 109-128
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines age differences in non-financial employment commitment in two types of `exit cultures'. Germany and Denmark represent the `early'-exit culture where early retirement has become the norm. Sweden and Norway represent the `late'-exit culture where labour market activity until advanced age is more common. The categorization of countries corresponds to the time for data collection (1997). The main question is whether suggested differences in exit culture are manifested in age differences in non-financial employment commitment. The claim that age differences in commitment relate to exit culture received some support. In the two early-exit countries, the probability for men to display low employment commitment was found to increase at the age of 43—54. Also women in these countries dropped in commitment but first at 55+. In the two late-exit countries there was no important loss in commitment related to the middle or old age groups.
|
|
| 8. |
- Hult, Carl, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Age, policy changes and work orientation : comparing changes in commitment to paid work in four European Countries
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Population Ageing. - : Springer. - 1874-7884 .- 1874-7876. ; 2:3, s. 101-120
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to ageing populations and a future shortage of labour active people, there is a political ambition to prolong people’s work force activities in Europe. The question of this paper is to what degree policy changes aimed at prolonging people’s working lives have been successful in influencing peoples’ commitment to paid work during the studied period of time? The age patterns of non-financial employment commitment (EC) and organisational Commitment (OC) are examined from the perspective of policy changes in four European countries, using ISSP-data collected in 1997 and 2005 from Denmark, Great Britain, Hungary and Sweden. Because of hypothesised country and group differences in visibility and proximity of policy measures taken to increase labour market participation among older workers, Danish and Swedish people were expected to display some degree of general and intended attitudinal response to the policy changes and that the British and Hungarian response would be more gender divided. The results showed that policy changes overall had little intended effect on people’s attitudes to work. Instead, EC dropped dramatically in Hungary for all men from the age of 30 and over, and for Swedish men and Danish women in the 45–53 age group. OC decreased for Swedish men in the age 54 and over, and for Danish women in the 45–53 age group. The main exceptions were British and Hungarian women that displayed unchanged or even an increase in EC in the age group 54 and over.
|
|
| 9. |
- Hult, Carl, 1953-
(författare)
-
Arbete och motivation
- 2012. - 1
-
Ingår i: Sjömän och sjömansyrke 2010. - : Linnaeus University. - 9789186983369 ; , s. 31-49
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 10. |
- Hult, Carl, 1953-
(författare)
-
Arbete och Åldrande inom Svensk Sjöfart
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Stiftelsen Sveriges Sjömanshus. - Stockholm : Stiftelsen Sveriges Sjömanshus. ; , s. 23-24
-
Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
|
|
