| 1. |
- Roth, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Frances Sprei, Cecilia Hult, Åsa Hult, Anders Roth
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 12:5, s. 1744-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parking management and planning can be used to address several issues related to sustainable urban development. For example, parking availability affects both car ownership and usage, and parking planning can affect both land use and building costs. A tool used in several countries is minimum parking requirements (MPR) and lowering these could be a pathway to more sustainable mobility. However, the actual effects of lower MPR have not systematically been studied. In this paper we present the results of a review of sixteen developments with low MPR in Sweden, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and the UK. Existing research and reports have been analyzed to compare these and draw conclusions on the effect of MPR on mobility patterns and mobility services. In addition, interviews were conducted with representatives from municipalities and developers. Our results indicate that the mobility patterns of individuals in the studied projects are more sustainable than in nearby projects. However, the causality of MPR and mobility is hard to establish due to the risk of self-selection and that all of the studied projects have good prerequisites for sustainable mobility practices. Many of the studied evaluations are also of poor quality with, for example, lack of appropriate control group.
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| 2. |
- Roth, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Sänkt p-tal som drivkraft för attraktiv stadsbyggnad och hållbar mobilitet
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Konkurrensen om städers yta ökar i takt med den pågående urbaniseringen, samtidigt som byggande av bostäder och kontor sker med stort fokus på centrala etableringar. Ett nyckelområde för att möta denna utmaning är att skapa täta och transporteffektiva städer som möjliggör en högre befolkningstäthet, vilket i sin tur ger förutsättningar för en högre andel cykel- och kollektivtrafik än idag. Att skapa en effektiv och väl fungerande parkeringsmarknad är i detta sammanhang inte bara viktigt för stadsplaneringen och utvecklingen av attraktiva städer. Utbud, tillgänglighet och kostnad för parkering påverkar såväl bilinnehav, körsträckor som val av färdmedel. Parkering har också stor betydelse för städers och företags ekonomi, liksom för möjligheten att bygga billigare bostäder. Enligt Boverkets prognos kommer över 70 000 bostäder att påbörjas under 2017, vilket innebär att det samtidigt investeras i uppskattningsvis minst 35 000 nya parkeringsplatser. I flera svenska städer liksom runtom i Europa pågår eller planeras nu försök med en sänkning av p-talen, ofta i kombination med åtgärder som främjar tillgänglighet med andra färdmedel än bil. Förändringsarbetet är fortfarande i en tidig fas och hos de lokala aktörerna - exploatörer, kommunala tjänstemän och beslutsfattare – finns en stor osäkerhet kring dessa förändringars konsekvenser. Parallellt pågår också många projekt och initiativ som är inriktade på att skapa nya eller modifierade mobilitetstjänster och transportkoncept, både kommersiella och kollaborativa. Exempel på sådana tjänster som är under framväxt är bilpooler, samåkningstjänster, samdistributionstjänster och cykelpooler. Tjänsterna kommer utgöra en viktig del i framtidens mobilitet och de spelar allt oftare en central roll i nybyggnadsprojekt där ambitionen är att minimera behovet av bilparkering. Samtidigt visar forskning och erfarenhet att det saknas kunskap om hur ett sänkt parkeringstal tillsammans med ett paket av mobilitetsåtgärder påverkar färdmedelsfördelning och bilinnehav i ett nybyggt område. Det finns ett stort behov av att titta mer ingående på hur dessa faktorer samverkar och hur de kan utformas för att skapa mer attraktiva och hållbara städer.
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| 3. |
- Sprei, Frances, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Review of the Effects of Developments with Low Parking Requirements
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 12:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parking management and planning can be used to address several issues related to sustainable urban development. For example, parking availability affects both car ownership and usage, and parking planning can affect both land use and building costs. A tool used in several countries is minimum parking requirements (MPR) and lowering these could be a pathway to more sustainable mobility. However, the actual effects of lower MPR have not systematically been studied. In this paper we present the results of a review of sixteen developments with low MPR in Sweden, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and the UK. Existing research and reports have been analyzed to compare these and draw conclusions on the effect of MPR on mobility patterns and mobility services. In addition, interviews were conducted with representatives from municipalities and developers. Our results indicate that the mobility patterns of individuals in the studied projects are more sustainable than in nearby projects. However, the causality of MPR and mobility is hard to establish due to the risk of self-selection and that all of the studied projects have good prerequisites for sustainable mobility practices. Many of the studied evaluations are also of poor quality with, for example, lack of appropriate control group.
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| 4. |
- Sprei, Frances, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Review of the effects of developments with low parking requirements
- 2019
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Ingår i: Eceee Summer Study Proceedings. - 2001-7960 .- 1653-7025. ; , s. 1079-1086
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parking management and planning can be used to address several issues related to sustainable urban development. E.g., parking availability affects both car ownership and usage, and parking planning can affect both land use and building costs. A tool used in several countries is minimum parking requirements (MPR) and lowering these could be a pathway to more sustainable mobility. However, the actual effects of lower MPR have not systematically been studied. In this paper we present the results of a review of twelve developments with low MPR in Sweden, Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Existing research and reports have been analysed to compare these and draw conclusions on the effect of MPR on mobility patterns and mobility services. In addition, interviews were conducted with representatives from municipalities and developers. Some of the key findings are: • All of the studied projects have good prerequisites for sustainable mobility such as access to public transport, central location, mobility services, and bike paths. • Results indicate that the mobility patterns of individuals in the studied projects are more sustainable than in nearby projects. However, the causality of MPR and mobility is hard to establish. • Many projects combine MPR with mobility services such as carsharing. For this to be successful, requirements for MPR and mobility services should be included in the planning permission. • Legally binding contracts are needed to clarify responsibilities between developer, municipalities and mobility service suppliers. • Studied developments in and outside Sweden differ in posed requirements. Swedish projects only put requirements on parking and mobility services, whereas those studied in Germany, Switzerland and Austria put requirements on traffic or car ownership. • It is important to look at a wider geographical area and not only the specific project. Parking availability and pricing in the surroundings might affect the outcome of a low MPR project.
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| 5. |
- von Wieding, Sönke, et al.
(författare)
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Drivers and barriers to business-to-business carsharing for work trips – A case study of Gothenburg, Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Case Studies on Transport Policy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2213-624X .- 2213-6258. ; 10:4, s. 2330-2336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carsharing is an important element in the transition to a more sustainable transport system. In contrast to the widely studied business-to-consumer (B2C) market segment, studies on Business-to-business (B2B) carsharing and its impacts are limited. This paper analyses the factors that drive and hinder organisations from using B2B carsharing for their employees’ work trips. The paper takes a case study approach, analysing B2B carsharing use for local work-trips at seven employers in Gothenburg, Sweden, based on interviews with employers, property owners, and carsharing operators. Our results indicate that carsharing services can contribute to reducing the employers’ costs for work-trips, ensuring the sustainability and safety of the employee's work-trips, as well as increasing the employer's workplace attractivity. However, carsharing services are currently used only to a very limited extent. Obstacles that limit a greater use of carsharing services are employers’ lack of data on the employees’ work travel patterns, little economic incentives for employers, as well as parking management and travel policies that favour the use of the private car.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Boström, Magnus, 1981-
(författare)
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Creating clarity and managing complexity through co-operation and communication : The case of Swedish icebreaker operations
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sea transportation is vital for the global economy, and the amount of seaborne trade is expected to increase in the future. In some areas, icebreakers are necessary for maintaining open shipping lanes all-year round and ensuring safe navigation. Vessels operating in ice are exposed to harsh environmental factors such as severe weather and heavy ice, and when external forces become too strong vessels will depend on icebreaker assistance. However, successful icebreaker operations require the icebreaker to operate in close vicinity to the assisted vessel to break the ice, which in turn increases the risk of collision.There are many factors which make icebreaker operations complex. The aim of this thesis is to use work organization, operational safety, and interpersonal communication as three lenses to describe and analyse the complexity of icebreaker operations, and its implications for practice. To thoroughly investigate this complexity, data are drawn from numerous sources; semi-structured interviews, a questionnaire, and a substantial amount of recorded authentic communication all provide complementary insights.The results show that the icebreaker performs a multitude of tasks directly concerned with icebreaking, e.g. directing and physically assisting other vessels, but that these tasks indirectly rely on interpersonal interaction and communication. A number of conflicting constraints add to the complexity. For example, harsh winter conditions impede vessels’ independent navigation in ice, while offering icebreaker crews opportunities to practice and maintain important skills. Furthermore, it was shown that language skills and communication play an important role in upholding the operational safety. However, closed-loop communication is not always used as intended, a deviation from intended communication protocol with potential to increase the risk of misunderstandings.This thesis suggests that safety and efficiency of winter navigation can be enhanced by making better use of existing technology and data; by examining the past track of other vessels, e.g. via AIS, finding suitable ice tracks will be made easier. Another implication concerning communication is that training institutes should emphasize the logic behind standardized communication protocols rather than focusing on standard phrases, i.e. facilitating means for advanced English speakers to adapt their communication style. That way, novice and advanced speakers could find common ground.
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| 8. |
- Branneby, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Aldol Additions with Mutant Lipase : Analysis by Experiments and Theoretical Calculations
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Catalysis B. - : Elsevier BV. - 1381-1177 .- 1873-3158. ; 31:4-6, s. 123-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A Ser105Ala mutant of Candida antarctica lipase B has previously been shown to catalyze aldol additions. Quantum chemical calculations predicted a reaction rate similar to that of natural enzymes, whereas experiments showed a much lower reaction rate. Molecular dynamics simulations, presented here, show that the low reaction rate is a consequence of the low frequencies of near attack complexes in the enzyme. Equilibrium was also considered as a reason for the slow product formation, but could be excluded by performing a sequential reaction to push the reaction towards product formation. In this paper, further experimental results are also presented, highlighting the importance of the entire active site for catalysis.
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| 9. |
- Branneby, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon-Carbon Bonds by Hydrolytic Enzymes
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 125:4, s. 874-875
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Enzymes are efficient catalysts in synthetic chemistry, and their catalytic activity with unnatural substrates in organic reaction media is an area attracting much attention. Protein engineering has opened the possibility to change the reaction specificity of enzymes and allow for new reactions to take place in their active sites. We have used this strategy on the well-studied active-site scaffold offered by the serine hydrolase Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB, EC 3.1.1.3) to achieve catalytic activity for aldol reactions. The catalytic reaction was studied in detail by means of quantum chemical calculations in model systems. The predictions from the quantum chemical calculations were then challenged by experiments. Consequently, Ser105 in CALB was targeted by site-directed mutagenesis to create enzyme variants lacking the nucleophilic feature of the active site. The experiments clearly showed an increased reaction rate when the aldol reaction was catalyzed by the mutant enzymes as compared to the wild-type lipase. We expect that the new catalytic activity, harbored in the stable protein scaffold of the lipase, will allow aldol additions of substrates, which cannot be reached by traditional aldolases
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| 10. |
- Branneby, Cecilia, 1974-
(författare)
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Exploiting enzyme promiscuity for rational design
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Enzymes are today well recognized in various industrial applications, being an important component in detergents, and catalysts in the production of agrochemicals, foods, pharmaceuticals, and fine chemicals. Their large use is mainly due to their high selectivity and environmental advantage, compared to traditional catalysts. Tools and techniques in molecular biology offer the possibility to screen the natural sources and engineer new enzyme activities which further increases their usefulness as catalysts, in a broader area. Although enzymes show high substrate and reaction selectivity many enzymes are today known to catalyze other reactions than their natural ones. This is called enzyme promiscuity. It has been suggested that enzyme promiscuity is Nature’s way to create diversity. Small changes in the protein sequence can give the enzyme new reaction specificity. In this thesis I will present how rational design, based on molecular modeling, can be used to explore enzyme promiscuity and to change the enzyme reaction specificity. The first part of this work describes how Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB), by a single point mutation, was mutated to give increased activity for aldol additions, Michael additions and epoxidations. The activities of these reactions were predicted by quantum chemical calculations, which suggested that a single-point mutant of CALB would catalyze these reactions. Hence, the active site of CALB, which consists of a catalytic triad (Ser, His, Asp) and an oxyanion hole, was targeted by site-directed mutagenesis and the nucleophilic serine was mutated for either glycine or alanine. Enzymes were expressed in Pichia pastoris and analyzed for activity of the different reactions. In the case of the aldol additions the best mutant showed a four-fold initial rate over the wild type enzyme, for hexanal. Also Michael additions and epoxidations were successfully catalyzed by this mutant. In the last part of this thesis, rational design of alanine racemase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus was performed in order to alter the enzyme specificity. Active protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and analyzed. The explored reaction was the conversion of alanine to pyruvate and 2-butanone to 2-butylamine. One of the mutants showed increased activity for transamination, compared to the wild type.
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