| 1. |
- Atkin, Owen K, et al.
(författare)
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Evans Review No. 2: The hot and the cold: unravelling the variable response of plant respiration to temperature
- 2005
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Ingår i: Functional Plant Biology. ; 32, s. 87-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When predicting the effects of climate change, global carbon circulation models that include a positive feedback effect of climate warming on the carbon cycle often assume that (1) plant respiration increases exponentially with temperature (with a constant Q10) and (2) that there is no acclimation of respiration to long-term changes in temperature. In this review, we show that these two assumptions are incorrect. While Q10 does not respond systematically to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, other factors such as temperature, light, and water availability all have the potential to influence the temperature sensitivity of respiratory CO2 efflux. Roots and leaves can also differ in their Q10 values, as can upper and lower canopy leaves. The consequences of such variable Q10 values need to be fully explored in carbon modelling. Here, we consider the extent of variability in the degree of thermal acclimation of respiration, and discuss in detail the biochemical mechanisms underpinning this variability; the response of respiration to long-term changes in temperature is highly dependent on the effect of temperature on plant development, and on interactive effects of temperature and other abiotic factors (e.g. irradiance, drought and nutrient availability). Rather than acclimating to the daily mean temperature, recent studies suggest that other components of the daily temperature regime can be important (e.g. daily minimum and / or night temperature). In some cases, acclimation may simply reflect a passive response to changes in respiratory substrate availability, whereas in others acclimation may be critical in helping plants grow and survive at contrasting temperatures. We also consider the impact of acclimation on the balance between respiration and photosynthesis; although environmental factors such as water availability can alter the balance between these two processes, the available data suggests that temperature-mediated differences in dark leaf respiration are closely linked to concomitant differences in leaf photosynthesis. We conclude by highlighting the need for a greater process-based understanding of thermal acclimation of respiration if we are to successfully predict future ecosystem CO2 fluxes and potential feedbacks on atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
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| 2. |
- Atkin, Owen K, et al.
(författare)
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Temperature dependence of respiration in roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
- 2009
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 182:1, s. 188-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- * The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is ubiquitous, and the fungus represents a major pathway for carbon movement in the soil-plant system. Here, we investigated the impacts of AM colonization of Plantago lanceolata and temperature on the regulation of root respiration (R). * Warm-grown AM plants exhibited higher rates of R than did nonAM plants, irrespective of root mass. AM plants exhibited higher maximal rates of R (R(max)-R measured in the presence of an uncoupler and exogenous substrate) and greater proportional use of R(max) as a result of increased energy demand and/or substrate supply. The higher R values exhibited by AM plants were not associated with higher maximal rates of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) or protein abundance of either the COX or the alternative oxidase. * Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization had no effect on the short-term temperature dependence (Q(10)) of R. Cold-acclimated nonAM plants exhibited higher rates of R than their warm-grown nonAM counterparts. By contrast, chilling had a negligible effect on R of AM-plants. Thus, AM plants exhibited less cold acclimation than their nonAM counterparts. * Overall, these results highlight the way in which AM colonization alters the underlying components of respiratory metabolism and the response of root R to sustained changes in growth temperature.
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| 3. |
- Atkin, Owen K, et al.
(författare)
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Using temperature-dependent changes in leaf scaling relationships to quantitatively account forthermal acclimation of respiration in a coupled global climate-vegetation model
- 2008
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013. ; 14, s. 2709-2726
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The response of plant respiration (R) to temperature is an important component of the biosphere's response to climate change. At present, most global models assume that R increases exponentially with temperature and does not thermally acclimate. Although we now know that acclimation does occur, quantitative incorporation of acclimation into models has been lacking. Using a dataset for 19 species grown at four temperatures (7, 14, 21, and 28 °C), we have assessed whether sustained differences in growth temperature systematically alter the slope and/or intercepts of the generalized log–log plots of leaf R vs. leaf mass per unit leaf area (LMA) and vs. leaf nitrogen (N) concentration. The extent to which variations in growth temperature account for the scatter observed in log–log R–LMA–N scaling relationships was also assessed. We show that thermal history accounts for up to 20% of the scatter in scaling relationships used to predict R, with the impact of thermal history on R–LMA–N generalized scaling relationships being highly predictable. This finding enabled us to quantitatively incorporate acclimation of R into a coupled global climate–vegetation model. We show that accounting for acclimation of R has negligible impact on predicted annual rates of global R, net primary productivity (NPP) or future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, our analysis suggests that accounting for acclimation is important when considering carbon fluxes among thermally contrasting biomes (e.g. accounting for acclimation decreases predicted rates of R by up to 20% in high-temperature biomes). We conclude that acclimation of R needs to be accounted for when predicting potential responses of terrestrial carbon exchange to climatic change at a regional level.
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| 4. |
- Atkinson, Lindsey J, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of growth temperature on scaling relationships linking photosynthetic metabolism to leaf functional traits
- 2010
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Ingår i: Functional Ecology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0269-8463 .- 1365-2435. ; 24:6, s. 1181-1191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. Scaling relationships linking photosynthesis (A) to leaf traits are important for predicting vegetation patterns and plant-atmosphere carbon fluxes. Here, we investigated the impact of growth temperature on such scaling relationships.2. We assessed whether changes in growth temperature systematically altered the slope and/or intercepts of log-log plots of A vs leaf mass per unit leaf area (LMA), nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations for 19 contrasting plant species grown hydroponically at four temperatures (7, 14, 21 and 28 degrees C) in controlled environment cabinets. Responses of 21 degrees C-grown pre-existing (PE) leaves experiencing a 10 day growth temperature (7, 14, 21 and 28 degrees C) treatment, and newly-developed (ND) leaves formed at each of the four new growth temperatures, were quantified. Irrespective of the growth temperature treatment, rates of light-saturated photosynthesis (A) were measured at 21 degrees C.3. Changes in growth temperature altered the scaling between A and leaf traits in pre-existing (PE) leaves, with thermal history accounting for up to 17% and 31% of the variation on a mass and area basis, respectively. However, growth temperature played almost no role in accounting for scatter when comparisons were made of newly-developed (ND) leaves that form at each growth temperature.4. Photosynthetic nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency (PNUE and PPUE, respectively) decreased with increasing LMA. No systematic differences in temperature-mediated reductions in PNUE or PPUE of PE leaves were found among species.5. Overall, these results highlight the importance of leaf development in determining the effects of sustained changes in growth temperature on scaling relationships linking photosynthesis to other leaf traits.
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| 5. |
- Augusti, Angela, 1968-
(författare)
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Monitoring climate and plant physiology using deuterium isotopomers of carbohydrates
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Climate is changing and it is certain that this change is due to human activities. Atmospheric greenhouse gases have been rising in an unprecedented way during the last two centuries, although the land biosphere has dampened their increase by absorbing CO2 emitted by anthropogenic activities. However, it is unclear if this will continue in the future. This uncertainty makes it difficult to predict future climate changes and to determine how much greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced to protect climate. To understand the future role of plants in limiting the atmospheric CO2 level, the effect of increasing CO2 on plant photosynthesis and productivity has been studied. However, studies on trees showed contradictory results, which depended on the duration of the experiment. This revealed that an initial strong CO2 fertilization may be a transient response that disappears after a few years. Because climate changes over centuries, we must explore the response of vegetation to increasing CO2 on this time scale. Studying tree rings is a good alternative to impractical decade-long experiments, because trees have experienced the CO2 increase during the last 200 years and may already have responded to it. This thesis shows that the intramolecular distribution of the stable hydrogen isotope deuterium (deuterium isotopomer distribution, DID) of tree rings is a reliable tool to study long-term plant-climate adaptations. The premise for this is that the deuterium abundance in tree rings depends on environmental as well as physiological factors. Using newly developed methodology for DID measurements, the influences of both factors can be separated. Applied to tree rings, separating both factors opens a strategy for simultaneous reconstruction of climate and of physiological responses. The results presented show that DIDs are influenced by kinetic isotope effects of enzymes, allowing studies of metabolic regulation. We show that the abundances of specific D isotopomers in tree-ring cellulose indeed allow identifying environmental and physiological factors. For example, the D2 isotopomer is mostly influenced by environment, its abundance should allow better reconstruction of past temperature. On the other hand, the abundance ratio of two isotopomers (D6R and D6S) depends on atmospheric CO2, and might serve as a measure of the efficiency of photosynthesis (ratio of photorespiration to assimilation). The presence of this dependence in all species tested and in tree-ring cellulose allows studying adaptations of plants to increasing CO2 on long time scales, using tree-ring series or other remnant plant material.
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| 6. |
- Benedict, Catherine, 1977-
(författare)
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Cold Acclimation : Dissecting the plant low temperature signaling pathway using functional genomics
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The physiological process of cold acclimation protects plants native to the temperate regions of the world from the deleterious effects of low and freezing temperatures. This is achieved by a series of transcriptional, regulatory, and metabolic changes that enable continued growth and survival. Within minutes of exposure to temperatures below ca. 10°C, a complex cascade of transcriptional events is initiated to accomplish these changes. The initial alarm phase favors the rapid induction of a library of stress proteins with protective functions (e.g. COR proteins). This is followed by a cold hardened phase, characterized by maximal freezing tolerance, which continues until either the stress is removed, or the plant's metabolic and/or developmental state can no longer support maximal resistance. We have studied some of the important transcription factors and transcriptional changes associated with the initial alarm and later hardened phases of cold acclimation in the herbaceous annual Arabidopsis thaliana and the woody perennial Populus spp. We confirmed the functionality of the CBF-mediated signaling cascade in Poplar overexpressing AtCBF1, but noted that regulon composition and endogenous poplar CBF ortholog induction appeared to be tissue-specific. The lack of statistically significant DRE enrichment in the Poplar AtCBF1 regulons led us to investige cis-element abundance in the cold-associated transcription factor regulons of publicly available microarray data from Arabidopsis, leading to the development of a gene voting method of microarray analysis that we used to test for regulatory associations between transcription factors and their downstream cis-elements and gene targets. This analysis resulted in a new transcriptional model of the ICE1-mediated signaling cascade and implicated a role for phytochrome A. Application of this same method to microarray data from arabidopsis leaves developed at low temperature allowed us to identify a new cis-element, called DDT, which possessed enhancer-blocking function during the alarm stage of cold stress, but was enriched in the promoters of genes upregulated during the later cold hardened stages. As leaf growth and development at low temperature correlated with the enhancement freeze tolerance in Arabidopsis, we compared the transcriptomes of rapidly growing and fully grown poplar leaves at night (when both low temperatures and PhyA status might play important roles in nature), in the hopes of comparing this data with that of cold-treated leaves in the future. We identified the nocturnal mode of leaf growth in Populus deltoides as predominantly proliferative as opposed to expansive, and potentially linked to cellular carbohydrate status.
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| 7. |
- Benedict, Catherine, et al.
(författare)
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Consensus by democracy. Using meta-analyses of microarray and genomic data to model the cold acclimation signaling pathway in Arabidopsis.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Plant Physiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0032-0889 .- 1532-2548. ; 141:4, s. 1219-1232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The whole-genome response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) exposed to different types and durations of abiotic stress has now been described by a wealth of publicly available microarray data. When combined with studies of how gene expression is affected in mutant and transgenic Arabidopsis with altered ability to transduce the low temperature signal, these data can be used to test the interactions between various low temperature-associated transcription factors and their regulons. We quantized a collection of Affymetrix microarray data so that each gene in a particular regulon could vote on whether a cis-element found in its promoter conferred induction (+1), repression (–1), or no transcriptional change (0) during cold stress. By statistically comparing these election results with the voting behavior of all genes on the same gene chip, we verified the bioactivity of novel cis-elements and defined whether they were inductive or repressive. Using in silico mutagenesis we identified functional binding consensus variants for the transcription factors studied. Our results suggest that the previously identified ICEr1 (induction of CBF expression region 1) consensus does not correlate with cold gene induction, while the ICEr3/ICEr4 consensuses identified using our algorithms are present in regulons of genes that were induced coordinate with observed ICE1 transcript accumulation and temporally preceding genes containing the dehydration response element. Statistical analysis of overlap and cis-element enrichment in the ICE1, CBF2, ZAT12, HOS9, and PHYA regulons enabled us to construct a regulatory network supported by multiple lines of evidence that can be used for future hypothesis testing.
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| 8. |
- Benedict, Catherine, et al.
(författare)
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The CBF1-dependent low temperature signalling pathway, regulon and increase in freeze tolerance are conserved in Populus spp
- 2006
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Ingår i: Plant, Cell and Environment. - Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd. - 0140-7791 .- 1365-3040. ; 29:7, s. 1259-1272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The meristematic tissues of temperate woody perennials must acclimate to freezing temperatures to survive the winter and resume growth the following year. To determine whether the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) family of transcription factors contributing to this process in annual herbaceous species also functions in woody perennials, we investigated the changes in phenotype and transcript profile of transgenic Populus constitutively expressing CBF1 from Arabidopsis (AtCBF1). Ectopic expression of AtCBF1 was sufficient to significantly increase the freezing tolerance of non-acclimated leaves and stems relative to wild-type plants. cDNA microarray experiments identified genes up-regulated by ectopic AtCBF1 expression in Populus, demonstrated a strong conservation of the CBF regulon between Populus and Arabidopsis and identified differences between leaf and stem regulons. We studied the induction kinetics and tissue specificity of four CBF paralogues identified from the Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa genome sequence (PtCBFs). All four PtCBFs are cold-inducible in leaves, but only PtCBF1 and PtCBF3 show significant induction in stems. Our results suggest that the central role played by the CBF family of transcriptional activators in cold acclimation of Arabidopsis has been maintained in Populus. However, the differential expression of the PtCBFs and differing clusters of CBF-responsive genes in annual (leaf) and perennial (stem) tissues suggest that the perennial-driven evolution of winter dormancy may have given rise to specific roles for these 'master-switches' in the different annual and perennial tissues of woody species.
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