| 1. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Microplastics from tyre and road wear: a literature review
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This literature review concerns microplastics from tyre and road wear caused by road traffic. As there is limited knowledge about microplastics in general, and microplastics from road traffic in particular, the Swedish Government commissioned the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) to, during 2018-2020, develop and disseminate knowledge about microplastics from road traffic. The chapters in this report summarises existing knowledge about microplastics from road traffic with respect to the following aspects: sources, spread and presence; effects on and risk to the environment and human health; characteristics and chemical composition; tyre and road wear; sampling methods; analysis and sample preparation; and measures. The report also includes a chapter with overall conclusions, and a chapter about further research, development and investigation needs. The purpose of this report is to provide a basis for reducing the generation and spread of microplastics from road traffic. One aim of the report is to collate and disseminate knowledge about microplastics generated by tyre and road wear, and to review the current level of knowledge. A second aim is to identify knowledge gaps and research requirements in relation to microplastics from road traffic. This literature review is based on a review of scientific articles and reports, as well as technical literature and some information from experts and industry.
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| 2. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Mikroplast från däck- och vägslitage : en kunskapssammanställning
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna kunskapssammanställning handlar om mikroplast från vägtrafikens däck- och vägslitage. Eftersom kunskapen om mikroplaster från vägtrafiken är begränsad samtidigt som däckslitage bedöms vara den största källan till utsläpp av mikroplast i Sverige, gav regeringen inom ramen för sitt arbete med plast och mikroplast Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI) i uppdrag att under 2018– 2020 ta fram och sprida kunskap om mikroplast från vägtrafiken. Varje kapitel i denna rapport sammanfattar befintlig kunskap om mikroplast från vägtrafiken avseende en eller flera aspekter. Dessa aspekter är: källor, spridning och förekomst; miljö- och hälsoeffekter samt risker; egenskaper och kemisk sammansättning; däck- och vägslitage; provtagningsmetoder; analys- och provberedningsmetoder samt åtgärder. Dessutom finns ett kapitel med sammanfattande slutsatser och allra sist ett kapitel om forsknings-, utvecklings- och utredningsbehov.Syftet med rapporten är att den ska utgöra ett underlag för att minska emissioner och spridning av mikroplast från vägtrafiken. Ett mål med rapporten är att sammanställa och sprida kunskap om mikroplast från däck- och vägslitage och att redogöra för nuvarande kunskapsläge. Ytterligare ett mål är att identifiera kunskaps- och forskningsbehov avseende mikroplast från vägtrafiken.Underlaget till denna kunskapssammanställning utgörs av vetenskapliga artiklar och rapporter samt facklitteratur och information från branschen och från experter.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Åse, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Leaching of concrete admixtures containing thiocyanate and resin acids
- 2001
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Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 35:4, s. 788-793
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is an increasing concern about the emission of pollutants during the construction and lifetime of buildings. The leaching of concrete admixtures containing thiocyanate and resin acids was studied using standard leaching tests and chemical analysis. Ecotoxicological risk was assessed for each admixture. Thiocyanate leaching from concrete, with a chlorine-free accelerating admixture, was determined by ion chromatography. Of the total amount of thiocyanate added, 6-8% was emitted within 30 d. The thiocyanate diffusion curve indicates a fast dissolution process from the surface layer, followed by a slower continuous diffusion process. Thiocyanate exhibits both acute and chronic toxicity, which makes it of immediate environmental concern. Resin acid leaching from concrete test specimens containing an admixture of air-entraining agents with tall oil was determined by solid-phase extraction, methylation, and GC/MS. Of added resin acids, 10% was emitted over 143 d. The leaching curves for the resin acids indicate a continuous diffusion that is proportional to the square root of time and follows Fick's first law of diffusion. The chemical composition of the resin acids in the leachate demonstrates degradation and rearrangement of the resin acids during diffusion. Resin acids emitted from concrete are of environmental concern because they are persistent and have the ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. | There is an increasing concern about the emission of pollutants during the construction and lifetime of buildings. The leaching of concrete admixtures containing thiocyanate and resin acids was studied using standard leaching tests and chemical analysis. Ecotoxicological risk was assessed for each admixture. Thiocyanate leaching from concrete, with a chlorine-free accelerating admixture, was determined by ion chromatography. Of the total amount of thiocyanate added, 6-8% was emitted within 30 d. The thiocyanate diffusion curve indicates a fast dissolution process from the surface layer, followed by a slower continuous diffusion process. Thiocyanate exhibits both acute and chronic toxicity, which makes it of immediate environmental concern. Resin acid leaching from concrete test specimens containing an admixture of air-entraining agents with tall oil was determined by solid-phase extraction, methylation, and GC/MS. Of added resin acids, 10% was emitted over 143 d. The leaching curves for the resin acids indicate a continuous diffusion that is proportional to the square root of time and follows Fick's first law of diffusion. The chemical composition of the resin acids in the leachate demonstrates degradation and rearrangement of the resin acids during diffusion. Resin acids emitted from concrete are of environmental concern because they are persistent and have the ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.
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| 4. |
- Björklund, Karin, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Best Management Practices to Reduce Phthalate and Nonylphenol Loads in Urban Runoff
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Drainage, 1-5 September, Edinburgh, UK.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phthalates and nonylphenols, organic substances of widespread use, are believed to be ubiquitous in Swedish stormwater and urban sediments. Due to their reported hazardous properties, it is of great interest to identify effective best management practices (BMPs) to reduce the release of these substances to recipient waters. The stormwater-quality model SEWSYS was used to identify sources and quantify loads of phthalates and nonylphenols in two urban catchment areas. Based on the modelling results, BMPs were proposed, and their efficiencies evaluated. The SEWSYS simulations showed that discharges of phthalates and nonylphenols depend on catchment area characteristics: pollutants in a residential area originate mainly from building materials, whereas vehicles are the dominant source in a high-density traffic area. By replacing traditional building materials by phthalate and nonylphenol-free alternatives and by implementing congestion taxes to reduce traffic, the simulated pollutant loads could be reduced by more than 20% in the high-density traffic area. However, discharges from many diffuse sources cannot entirely be stopped, and a structural BMP, e.g. a sedimentation pond, is essential to further decrease pollutant loads in urban runoff. This study shows that SEWSYS can be a useful tool for selecting and evaluating adequate BMPs to reduce stormwater contamination.
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| 5. |
- Björklund, Karin, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Källor till och flöden av ftalater och nonylfenoler i Stockholms dagvatten
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SEWSYS is a computer model designed for simulating fluxes of pollutants from its’ sources to the urban stormwater system. The model is able to simulate concentrations of substances in stormwater – thereby reducing the need for sampling and analyses of stormwater – as well as establishing the major sources of the pollutants in the urban environment. The aim of this work has been to identify the sources of some selected organic pollutants, adjusting SEWSYS to these new substances and simulating their fluxes in urban stormwater. The simulation results have then been used to investigate proper barriers to prevent these substances to reach the environment.The prioritised pollutants chosen to be studied were four phthalates – DBP, DEHP, DINP and DIDP – nonylphenols (NP) and their ethoxylates (NPE). Phthalates are plasticisers used in PVC (often as coil coating), paint and sealants. NP/E:s are surfactants used in a range of materials, such as concrete, paint and plastics. In order to add these pollutants into the SEWSYS model, the emission of each substance from each of the identified sources was scrutinised. Depending on the overall lack of data, assumptions and estimations were necessary to be made for the emission calculations.Two housing areas and one area dominated by traffic were selected for the modelling. Information on the prevalence of the different sources together with rainfall data were used for the simulation of stormwater runoff and pollution load. The model was calibrated with measured stormwater flows and volumes, as well as analysed concentrations of the pollutants in stormwater from the chosen housing and traffic areas. The traffic area showed high concentrations of phthalates in the stormwater samples. DIDP, and particularly DINP, showed the highest concentrations in most samples, both from the traffic area and the housing areas. The NP and NPE concentrations in most samples were close to or under the detection limits for the analytical methods used.The calibration of the model showed that the runoff module in SEWSYS is able to predict the runoff volume well. After recalculating and adjusting some of the emission factors, the concentrations of the pollutants were in the same magnitude as the measured values. The simulations showed that vehicles are the dominating source of the phthalates in the traffic area. Parking spaces and concrete are indicated to emit significant amounts of NP/E:s. In the housing areas the construction materials – such as plastic coated steel for roofing and cladding – were the most important sources of phthalates. Parking spaces tend to cause high pollution loads of NP/E:s.To reduce the load of organic pollutants in the environment a combination of barriers can be used – these barriers may include legislative measures to prohibit the use of a substance, recommendations to the consumers (not) to use specific construction materials or installing technical measures such as sedimentation facilities. A preliminary simulation show that by using construction materials free from phthalates or NP/E:s or reducing the traffic load, combined with a technical barrier such as a sedimentation pond, the pollution load from housing or traffic area is considerably decreased.
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| 6. |
- Björklund, Karin, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in stormwater sediments: particle distribution and catchment area emission factors (CAEFs)
- 2010
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Ingår i: Book of abstracts - 10th Urban Environment Symposium, 9-11 June 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden. ; , s. 19-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emissions from traffic and construction materials contaminate stormwater with both metals and organicpollutants, and techniques for efficient removal of contaminants are reguested. The purpose of this studywas to determine the particle distribution of some selected metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in a stormwater sedimentation facility, and to caiculate the emitted amounts of these contaminantsin the studied catchment area. Chemical analysis and determination of physical parameters wereperformed on sediments sampled at a stormwater treatment facility consisting of seven sedimentationchambers connected in series. The facility is located in central Gothenburg, Sweden, and receives runofffrom the E6 and E20 motorway, with a daily traffic bad of approximately 86 000 vehicies. Theconcentrations of the PAHs and metals showed a trend with sediment concentrations increasing from thefirst to the last chamber. The pollutant concentrations were weil correlated with the particle sizedistribution, dry densities, water and organic content of the sediments. in two or more of the chambers, theconcentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and carcinogenic PAHs were higher than the given guideline vaiuesfor contaminated soil. The relative composition of the PAHs in sediment, with a dominance of pyrene,phenanthrene, fluoranthene and chrysene, indicates that rubber tyres, diesel exhaust and road asphaltcould be important sources of PAH pollution. The calculated catchment area emission factors (CAEFs)showed, in Wyear ha, the following order: petroleum hydrocarbons Cio - C4o (15 000) > Zn (3200) > Ni(~3000) > Cu (1500) > Sb (930) > Cr (820) > V (640)> Pb (260) > Co (120) > As (87) > Sn (25)> Mo (43)> ~16-EPA PAH (13) > Cresols (3.4) > Cd (1.3)> Hg (0.43). The results show that large parts of the finestsediment particle fractions, with high concentrations of the contaminants, are released with outiet waterfrom the sedimentation facility. The treatment facility could be more efficient if a filter was installed afterthe sedimentation steps, before discharge of water to the nearby stream.
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| 7. |
- Björklund, Karin, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Phthalates and nonylphenols in urban runoff: Occurrence, distribution and area emission factors
- 2009
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 407:16, s. 4665-4672
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The urban water system is believed to be an important sink for the nonpoint-source pollutants nonylphenols and phthalates. The presence of nonylphenols (NPs), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs), and eight phthalates was analyzed in urban stormwater and sediment from three catchment areas in Sweden. Emission loads for these substances were then calculated for a specific urban catchment area. In addition, substance distribution in road runoff passing through a sedimentation facility was modeled using a modified QWASI-model for chemical fate. High concentrations of DEHP, DIDP and DINP (≤ 48, 66 and 200 µg/g dw, respectively) as well as nonylphenol mono- and di-ethoxylate (6.6 and 20 µg/g dw, respectively) were found in the sediment. Aqueous concentrations of the pollutants varied considerably; branched NP was detected in concentrations up to 1.2 µg/L, whereas di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) were the most frequently detected phthalates in concentrations up to 5.0, 17 and 85 µg/L, respectively. The fate modeling demonstrated that predicted substance levels in water agreed well with measured levels, whereas the modeled sediment levels were underestimated. Calculation of catchment area emission factors from an urban highway environment revealed that as much as 2.1 kg of total phthalates and 200 g of NP and NPEOs may be emitted per hectare and year. The results indicate that all monitored phthalates, branched NPs and lower NPEOs are present in Swedish urban water systems. The long-chain phthalates DIDP and DINP are believed to occur at higher concentrations than other phthalates because of their higher environmental persistence and their increasing use in Sweden.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Björklund, Karin, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Screening of Organic Contaminants in Urban Snow
- 2011
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Ingår i: Water Science and Technology. - : IWA Publishing. - 0273-1223 .- 1996-9732. ; 64:1, s. 206-213
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Snowmelt is known to cause peak concentrations of pollutants, which may adversely affectreceiving water quality. High concentrations of metals and suspended solids in snow have beenreported, whereas studies on organic pollutants are rare. This study aims at investigating theoccurrence of anthropogenic organic compounds in urban snow in Gothenburg (Sweden). The mostfrequently detected organic pollutants in the collected snow samples were polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs), high molecular-weight phthalates, 4-nonylphenol and 4-t-octylphenol.Brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins were only sporadically detected. In severalsnow samples, the concentrations of specific PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were higher thanreported stormwater concentrations and European water quality standards. Pollutant sourceidentification and sustainable management of snow are important instruments for the mitigation oforganic contaminants in the urban environment.
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| 10. |
- Björklund, Karin, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Screening of organic contaminants in urban snow
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings, 14th International Conference, IWA Diffuse Pollution Specialist Group: Diffuse Pollution and Eutrophication. ; , s. 270-275
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Snowmelt is known to cause peak concentrations of pollutants which may adversely affect receiving water quality. High concentrations in snow have been shown for e.g. metals and suspended solids, whereas studies on organic pollutants are rarely reported. This study aimsat investigating the occurrence of anthropogenic organic compounds in urban snow, and at identifying sources of the pollutants. Snow from sites in Gothenburg, Sweden, was sampled and a range of organic substances was analysed. The most frequently detected organic pollutants in urban snow were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, high molecular-weightphthalates, 4-nonylphenol and 4-octylphenol. Brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins were only sporadically detected. In several snow samples, the concentrations of specific PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were higher than reported stormwater concentrations and European water quality standards. Pollutant source identification and sustainable management of snow are important instruments for the mitigation of organic contaminants in the urban environment.
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