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- Bertram, Raymond, et al.
(författare)
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Cascaded processing in written compound word production.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1662-5161. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we investigated the intricate interplay between central linguistic processing and peripheral motor processes during typewriting. Participants had to typewrite two-constituent (noun-noun) Finnish compounds in response to picture presentation while their typing behavior was registered. As dependent measures we used writing onset time to assess what processes were completed before writing and inter-key intervals to assess what processes were going on during writing. It was found that writing onset time was determined by whole word frequency rather than constituent frequencies, indicating that compound words are retrieved as whole orthographic units before writing is initiated. In addition, we found that the length of the first syllable also affects writing onset time, indicating that the first syllable is fully prepared before writing commences. The inter-key interval results showed that linguistic planning is not fully ready before writing, but cascades into the motor execution phase. More specifically, inter-key intervals were largest at syllable and morpheme boundaries, supporting the view that additional linguistic planning takes place at these boundaries. Bigram and trigram frequency also affected inter-key intervals with shorter intervals corresponding to higher frequencies. This can be explained by stronger memory traces for frequently co-occurring letter sequences in the motor memory for typewriting. These frequency effects were even larger in the second than in the first constituent, indicating that low-level motor memory starts to become more important during the course of writing compound words. We discuss our results in the light of current models of morphological processing and written word production.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Torrance, Mark, et al.
(författare)
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Timed written picture naming in 14 European languages
- 2018
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 50:2, s. 744-758
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2017 The Author(s)We describe the Multilanguage Written Picture Naming Dataset. This gives trial-level data and time and agreement norms for written naming of the 260 pictures of everyday objects that compose the colorized Snodgrass and Vanderwart picture set (Rossion & Pourtois in Perception, 33, 217–236, 2004). Adult participants gave keyboarded responses in their first language under controlled experimental conditions (N = 1,274, with subsamples responding in Bulgarian, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Icelandic, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish). We measured the time to initiate a response (RT) and interkeypress intervals, and calculated measures of name and spelling agreement. There was a tendency across all languages for quicker RTs to pictures with higher familiarity, image agreement, and name frequency, and with higher name agreement. Effects of spelling agreement and effects on output rates after writing onset were present in some, but not all, languages. Written naming therefore shows name retrieval effects that are similar to those found in speech, but our findings suggest the need for cross-language comparisons as we seek to understand the orthographic retrieval and/or assembly processes that are specific to written output.
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| 4. |
- Öquist, Gustav, 1975-
(författare)
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Evaluating Readability on Mobile Devices
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis presents findings from five readability studies performed on mobile devices. The dynamic Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) format has been enhanced with regard to linguistic adaptation and segmentation as well as eye movement modeling. The novel formats have been evaluated against other common presentation formats including Paging, Scrolling, and Leading in latin-square balanced repeated-measurement studies with 12-16 subjects. Apart from monitoring Reading speed, Comprehension, and Task load (NASA-TLX), Eye movement tracking has been used to learn more about how the text presentation affects reading.The Page format generally offered best readability. Reading on a mobile phone decreased reading speed by 10% compared to reading on a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), an interesting finding given that the display area of the mobile phone was 50% smaller. Scrolling, the most commonly used presentation format on mobile devices today, proved inferior to both Paging and RSVP. Leading, the most widely known dynamic format, caused very unnatural eye movements for reading. This seems to have increased task load, but not affected reading speed to a similar extent. The RSVP format displaying one word at time was found to reduce eye movements significantly, but contrary to common claims, this resulted in decreased reading speed and increased task load. In the last study, Predictive Text Presentation (PTP) was introduced. The format is based on RSVP and combines linguistic chunking and adaptation with eye movement modeling to achieve a reading experience that can rival traditional text presentation.It is explained why readability on mobile devices is important, how it may be evaluated in an efficient and yet reliable manner, and PTP is pinpointed as the format with greatest potential for improvement. The methodology used in the evaluations and the shortcomings of the studies are discussed. Finally, a hyper-graeco-latin-square experimental design is proposed for future evaluations.
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