| 1. |
- Berg, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Green-blue Infrastructure in Urban-Rural Landscapes– introducing Resilient Citylands
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nordisk Arkitekturforskning. - 1102-5824. ; 2, s. 11-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With theglobal change crisis pushing – and new knowledge about sustainability in socio-ecological systems pulling – there presently is a window of opportunity to further our understanding about resilient landscapes. In this paper we focus on Green-blue infrastructure as a key component of human settlements. Our main focus is theoretical and conceptual but we also illustrate its values and functions to deliver recreation, preserve biodiversity, create urban structure, support cultural identity, provide ecosystems services and maintain primary production/recycling. We further elaborate on the potential for new interactions between green-blue- and built structures, discussing international cases of both practical and theoretical relevance. Resilient Citylands is proposed as a new concept useful for e.g. landscape architecture and planning. It represents a new reciprocal co-evolution for different scales: of urban and rural areas; of human settlements and natural ecosystems1, and of constructed and green-blue areas and elements within urban settings. We investigate how functionally dense, mixed-use, vibrant, inter-sensory and contemporary urban areas could be combined with cutting edge, lean and efficient rural areas.
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| 2. |
- Berg, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Resilient Citylands - Green-blue-built transport systems in Baltic Sea Region cities
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The organization of transport systems for energy, food, material and people, is fundamental for upholding sustainable human habitats. Globalization and specialization has catalyzed economic growth and human development, but simultaneously has cut off geographic links between urban and rural areas and weakened interactions between urban green-blue and built up areas. Urban land-use has - during the past half-a-century been dictated by the built-up structure and car traffic planning, whereas green-blue infrastructures' ecosystems regulatory services, health-promoting properties and economic values have been attributed a lower priority. The main objective of our research is to explore ways the re-integration of urban and rural areas and functions - as well as to investigate the potential of green-blue structure values in cities in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). We tentatively term a modern integration of urban and rural areas and functions - and of combined green-blue-built infrasystems - "Resilient Citylands". Citylands formation is strongly linked to a transport modal shift, a new transport structure and mobility functions. In our Resilient Citylands program we work with a long-term partnership between selected cities, universities and relevant planning companies to produce effective tools, methods and a portfolio of real Cityland cases - serving as models in the entire Baltic Sea Region. Target groups are researchers, planners, companies, NGO's, authorities and citizens.
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| 3. |
- Eriksson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Golf courses as a part of Urban Green Infrastructure: Social aspects of Golf Courses and Extensively Managed Turfgrass areas from Nordic Perspective.
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Originated in Scotland in the 15th century the game of golf started to be very popular first in Europe and later in all English colonies and finally, by the end of the 20th century, around the world. In the Nordic countries turf grasses and golf facilities are increasing since the second part of the 20th century. The Nordic golf federations have 900 000 members, playing golf on more than 900 courses that cover a total area of more than 58 000 ha. The popularity of golf is directly connected to the growing of market economy. In the end of the 20th –beginning of the 21 century, in the era of globalisation, golf started to be one of the very important symbols of business success and a very popular pastime game. We research golf courses within the interdisciplinary project “Lawn as the cultural and ecological phenomenon” run by scientists from SLU, Sweden and funded by the Swedish Research Council. One of the goals of this project was to study the gradient of different managed lawns from the most intensively managed to the more meadow like lawns. Golf courses in this sense can be seen as a microcosm itself where all types of planted grass communities (lawns) are presented (fairway, rough and high rough). Six golf courses, two courses nearby three cities (Uppsala, Malmö and Gothenburg) have been investigated. In these courses six holes have been sampled for both environmental and ecological parameters. After contacts and discussions with managers responsible for six golf courses in three regions a total number of 180 interviews been conducted. This research was supported by STERF (Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environmental Research Foundation). Last decade in Sweden there is a growing movement of creating multifunctional golf courses which can provide a whole range of ecosystem services such as improving biodiversity and providing recreational areas which are accessible for the public. STERF is one of the main promoters of this movement. The social part of this study has been focused on golf courses and their significance from the golf players' perspective. The main research question was “What is valued by golfers in their golf course environment when it comes to the green environment and ecological, cultural and social values”. The interviews indicate that the golf course and time spent on the golf course include so much more than the sport itself. For many players the visits at the golf course also act as experience of nature and beautiful surroundings as well as in a social context, a way to stay in shape (fitness) as well as a way to relax (recreation). Natural values that are often mentioned by the interviewees is quiet, peaceful environment (silence), the chirping of birds, butterflies and other small animals as well as shrubs, trees and plantings. Although the existence of "natural environment" is perceived as a positive example, said one of the golfers: "it is so beautiful with birch trees and meadow flowers available as background for this golf course". Golf players also enjoy things like silence, nice smells and sounds from the nature as well as presence of water (lake, pond and river). Golf courses have great potential to support multiple values, for biodiversity and carbon sequestration and social wellbeing of people. Further work in this project will include analysis of trade-offs and synergies between the different research fields.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Tuula, et al.
(författare)
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Implementation of Low Impact Design (LID) in Russia
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Low Impact Design (LID) is an environmentally friendly ecological design approach aimed at managing urban stormwater and promoting biodiversity. Originating in the US. Ecological Stormwater Management (ESM) is a similar method applied in other parts of the world. LID/ESM approaches call for alternative, cost-effective urban design and development that involves designing and working with nature - creating urban plant communities that respect, conserve and enhance natural processes. In Northern Europe (Sweden, Finland and North- West) as well as regions of the Russian Federation, due to lower winter temperatures and often large amount of snow, LID/ESM requires adjustments to the local environment as well as consideration of cultural preferences. These countries however do not have a severe problem with invasive species due to cold climate, compare to other parts of the world, for example in New Zealand or Australia. In this presentation we discuss the only implementation of LID ecological design in the Russian Federation specifically within the area of Novoe Devyatkino, a suburb of St. Petersburg. Novoe Devyatkino consists of multistory apartment residential buildings with common green areas where LID devices such as rain gardens and alternative lawns (meadows) had been introduced. Realizing that LID requires an interdisciplinary approach, social research (questionnaires, interviews and observation studies) were also conducted in the summer of 2014. The analysis of these questionnaires has shown the importance of water (lake) as well as nearby areas. Majority of people valued the lake as a major attraction and expressed a need in the development and improvement of the shoreline. People found rain gardens very attractive and were satisfied with their appearance and conditions. Citizens also appreciate lawns for walks with their children and dogs, sport exercises and even feeding ducks. An economic research comparing costs of design and implementation of traditional waterstorm management practice and LID practice (rain gardens and swales) clearly indicated that rain gardens are much cheaper and do not need special legal agreements (fig.1). They help to decrease the pressure on Conventional Local Cleaning Facilities (CLCF) for up to 80-90% of surface water. Rain garden is in itself a landscape architecture design element compared to CLCF which need special landscape architecture considerations. The cost of creating the rain garden was 1557 rubles (including plant material) compare to 1862 rubles per hectare for conventional facilities (not including design, legal negotiations and 23 plant material costs). The management costs of LID new devices are also very low compare to traditional methods. One of the conclusions of this project was that conventional thinking is still strong in Russia but young administrators are more open to new innovative designs especially when they can see an economic profit. For success of the new LID practice it is crucial to educate contractors and implementation teams in the "right" management approach. There is a positive attitude of local citizens toward this innovative landscape architecture practice which is allows for the introduction LID in to a wider urban context within Russia. Rain gardens are much cheaper and do not need special legal agreements, they help decrease the pressure to CLCF for up to 80-90% of surface water. Rain garden is in itself a LA design element compared to CLCF which need a special LA design considerations
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Hedblom, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Multifunctional Golf Courses
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Multifunctionality of ecosystems and the relations between biodiversity and multiple ecosystem services have recently received increased scientific and practical interest. For management of ecosystem services, which is presently high on the political agenda (e.g. MAES 2013 at the EU level, IBPES at the global level, the Swedish government and EPA nationally), the importance of understanding "the ecological, economic and social aspects of the multiplicity of ecosystem services, identify trade-offs and synergies occurring between services ..." and "... developing standardized methods and criteria for the measurements, mapping and monitoring of biodiversity and ecosystem services ..." (MAES 2013) has been highlighted. A few investigations of multiple ecosystem services and biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems are reported in the litterature, but no comprehensive studies have been conducted so far in urban grassland ecosystems, despite the possible importance and impact of lawn and turfgrass management on ecosystem services like recreation, biodiversity and carbon sequestration for climate mitigation. The need for knowledge about how to plan, create and manage urban grasslands, such as golf courses, using a multifunctional approach promoting several ecosystem services, has been acknowledged, and the potential for designing golf courses to serve multiple functions has been pointed out by researchers as well as the golf associations (Colding & Folke 2009, Strandberg et al. 2012). It is well known that different management intensities of semi-natural grasslands may affect biodiversity in different ways (Wissman et al. 2008) but the surrounding landscape may also influence on the way that species are utilising habitats promoted by different management (Colding & Folke 2009, Bergman et al. 2004). It has also been suggested that grasslands with different management have different C sequestration potential and carbon balances, especially when management intensity is included (Townsend-Small & Czimczik 2010a and b). Appropriate management could be an important factor for mitigating climate change by increasing the carbon sink capacity of green areas (Lal & Augustin 2012), but still little is known of how this should be accomplished. At present, a number of studies have examined the impact of golf courses on the biodiversity of, for example, birds, amphibians, plants and insects or the carbon cycle (Colding & Folke 2009, Bartlett & James 2011). These studies show that golf courses may be a resource for biodiversity as provider of a range of grassland and lawn habitats (e.g. Tanner & Gange 2005) and that the intensity of management and tree cover may influence the total greenhouse gas emission (Bartlett & James 2011). However, little is known about how these ecosystem services relate to each other and how they relate to other ecosystem services such as social and recreational values in golf courses and urban lawns. In this project we aimed to understand how management of different areas in golf courses affects multifunctionality when it comes to carbon sequestration and biodiversity. Both carbon sequestration and biodiversity are political goals and can hence be considered as cultural services (Mace et al. 2012; UK NEA 2011), but many components of biodiversity are also underpinning multiple ecosystem services (e.g. Mace et al 2012; Gamfeldt et al. 2013).
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ignatieva, Maria
(författare)
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Alternativ till gräsmatta i Sverige - från teori till praktik : en manual
- 2017
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Målet med den här handboken är att dela en vision om gräsmattor som är ett resultat av det transdisciplinära forskningsprojektet ”LAWN - Gräsmattan som ekologiskt och kulturellt fenomen: på spaning efter hållbara gräsmattor i Sverige” (2013-2016) finansierat av Formas. Inledningsvis presenterar vi resultaten från forskningsprojektet och diskuterar befintliga alternativ till konventionella gräsmattor från Europa och Nordamerika. Sedan analyserar och diskuterar vi erfarenheter från Sverige, inklusive våra egna försök på Campus Ultuna vid SLU i Uppsala. Vi bidrar också med praktiska råd om hur man kan etablera och förvalta olika slags alternativ till gräsmatta som är lämpliga för svenska förhållanden.
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| 9. |
- Ignatieva, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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An alternative urban green carpet How can we move to sustainable lawns in a time of climate change?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 362, s. 148-149
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Annan publikation (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lawns are a global phenomenon. They green the urban environment and provide amenable public and private open spaces. In Sweden, 52% of the urban green areas are lawns. In the United States, lawns cover 1.9% of the country’s terrestrial area and lawn grass is the largest irrigated nonfood crop. Assuming lawn would cover 23% of cities globally [on the basis of data from the United States and Sweden], it would occupy 0.15 million to 0.80 million km2 (depending on urban definitions) - that is, an area bigger than England and Spain combined or about 1.4% of the global grassland area. Yet, lawns exact environmental and economic costs, and given the environmental and economic impacts of climate change, it is time to consider new alternative “lawnscapes” in urban planning as beneficial and sustainable alternatives.
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| 10. |
- Ignatieva, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Biodiverse green infrastructure for the 21st century: from "green desert" of lawns to Biophilic cities
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Architecture and Urbanism. - : Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. - 2029-7955 .- 2029-7947. ; Volume 37, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern urban green infrastructures are following globalisation trends and contribute to homogenization at all levels of green areas from the master plan to the finest scale. We discuss the place and role of three principal urban living spaces, the “skeleton” of green infrastructures: lawns, green walls and green roofs. This “trio” of modern GI elements provide significant ecosystem services, it contributes to biodiversity and social values; and have environmental and economic impact. The main goal of our approach to sustainable GI is to introduce a new landscape architecture style – biodiversinesque – as an alternative to the existing global homogenised picturesque-gardenesque. innovative and alternative landscape design solutions (biodiverse lawns, pictorial meadows, walls and green roofs) and implement them on three major scales: city, intermediate neighborhood and the small biotope level.This new approach will combine the best achievements of
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