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- Andersson Djurfeldt, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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Agricultural intensification and gender in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia
- 2019
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- The SAIRLA-supported AFRINT IV project has been collecting data on agricultural intensification from23 farming communities in seven regions in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia since 2008. Policies in allcountries have a strong focus on maize intensification and also target women as recipients ofsubsidised farm inputs. During this time, data on maize shows that only in the Zambian region hasthere been a sustained increase in yields, but this has been tied to a persistent gender gap. In theother two countries, yields have been stagnant. In the case of Malawi this is explained by poverty, landfragmentation and a gradual depletion of natural resources. In the case of Tanzania, withdrawal ofsubsidy schemes for maize in combination with new commercial opportunities in rice and tree cropsappear to be changing land use patterns.Despite these differences, women are united by some common characteristics: generally womenexperience mobility constraints as a result of domestic chores and socially restrictive norms. Moreover,the condition for co-financing to access subsidies disadvantages poorer households – many of whichare headed by women. Finally, women’s access to labour is limited, both that of men in particular, butalso the drudgery of their own domestic tasks and care burdens imposes restrictions on their time. Theseasonality of smallholder agriculture means that the effects of these shortages on intensification areaggravated.Policies need to redress all of these aspects, for instance through rural electrification and expandingbasic healthcare for children, encouraging small scale enterprises among women and gendersensitisation campaigns that involve men as well as women.
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- Andersson Djurfeldt, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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Assets, Gender and Rural Livelihoods
- 2018
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Ingår i: Agriculture, Diversification and Gender in Rural Africa : Longitudinal perspectives from six countries - Longitudinal perspectives from six countries. - : Oxford University Press. ; , s. 54-54
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter, cross-sectional data are used to assess changes in key assets and how this varies by sex of head of household using a regional perspective. Gender-based asset gaps vary regionally and also shift over time. Agricultural assets were generally biased against female farm managers. Changes in land size had a negative effect on female-managed farms (FMFs) when compared with male-managed farms. Gender biases with respect to land lie primarily in the size of cultivated areas, which is related to labour. The share of male labour is lower on FMFs. This is connected to smaller land sizes and lower use of particular irrigation techniques. Housing standard, consumer durables, and savings are less gender biased. Female farm managers in general command less male labour, and the land that they cultivate appears to be adjusted to their labour resources. Incomes generated by these households are invested in housing, consumer durables, and savings.
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- Andersson Djurfeldt, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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Gender and Rural Livelihoods: Agricultural Commercialization and Farm/Non-Farm Diversification
- 2018
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Ingår i: Agriculture, Diversification and Gender in Rural Africa. - : Oxford University Press. - 9780198799290
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter examines possible discrimination against female farm managers with respect to prices or market segmentation. Patterns of commercialization are fluid. Particular countries stand out with respect to certain crops, however: for maize, a growing bias against female farm managers can be noted in Zambia. Mozambique, Malawi, and to a lesser extent Tanzania stand out in terms of non-grain food crops, where market participation by male farm managers had increased relative to female-headed households. Poorer commercial possibilities are tied strongly to production factors, where lack of labour and land prevent the generation of a marketable surplus. An important distinction is that between women who manage their own farms and women who live in households headed by men: for the former the lack of access to agrarian resources prevents generation of a marketable surplus for the latter the outcomes from sales are controlled by their husbands.
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- Andersson Djurfeldt, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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Is there such a thing as sustainable agricultural intensification in smallholder-based farming in sub-Saharan Africa? Understanding yield differences in relation to gender in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia
- 2019
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Ingår i: Development Studies Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2166-5095. ; 6:1, s. 62-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Smallholder-based, sustainable, agricultural intensification is increasingly put forth as a development pathway that is necessary to improve farmer's livelihoods, enhance productivity and engender a surplus that can be used to feed growing urban areas across sub-Saharan Africa. The following article examines trends in yields for Africa's largest staple crop – maize – among smallholder farmers in six regions in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia, using longitudinal quantitative data collected in 2008, 2013 and 2017 in combination with qualitative data from nine villages. Substantial increases in yields are found only in Zambia, while yields are largely stagnant in Malawi and Tanzania. In the case of Zambia, however, there is a persistent gender-based yield gap. We use the qualitative data to explain this gap and find that gender-based differences in yields need to be understood in relation to local production systems, as well as the varied positionality of women, where the biases facing women who head their own households are different than for women living in male headed households. In policy terms, technologies that can promote intensification are different depending on these factors, even within the local context of particular farming systems.
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