| 1. |
- Hasan, Badrul, et al.
(författare)
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Fecal carriage of multi-drug resistant and extended spectrum beta-lactamases producing E. coli in household pigeons, Bangladesh
- 2014
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Ingår i: Veterinary Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1135 .- 1873-2542. ; 168:1, s. 221-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antibiotic resistance and ESBL constitute a risk to human and animal health. Birds residing close to humans could mirror the spectrum of human associated antibiotic resistance. Household pigeons were screened in Bangladesh to shed light on human associated, as well as, environmental antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coil from pigeons (n = 150) were tested against 11 antibiotics. 89% E. coil isolates were resistant to one or more critically important human antibiotics like ampicillin, cefadroxil, mecillinam, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tigecycline. No carbapenamase-producers were detected and the lower ESBL prevalence (5%) in pigeons. ESBL-producing E. coil isolates had bla(CTX-M_15) genes. Pigeons shared some bacterial clones and had bird associated sequence types like E. coil ST1408. Fecal carriage of bacteria resistance of critically important human antibiotics, together with examples of shared genotypes among pigeons, indicate the human-birds and bird to bird transmissions are important in the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance.
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| 2. |
- Islam, Kamrul, et al.
(författare)
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Does It Really Matter Where You Live? A Panel Data Multilevel Analysis of Swedish Municipality Level Social Capital on Individual Health-Related Quality of Life
- 2006
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Ingår i: Health Economics, Policy and Law. - 1744-134X. ; 1:3, s. 209-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We test whether individual health status is related to area-level social capital measured by rates of voting participation in municipal political elections, controlling for personal characteristics, where health status is measured by mapping responses to interview survey questions into the generic health-related quality of life measure (HRQoL) the EQ-5D in order to derive the health state scores. The analysis is based on unbalanced panel data from Statistic Sweden's Survey of Living Conditions (the ULF survey) and a 3-level multilevel regression analysis, where level 1 consists of a total of 31,585 observations for 24,419 individuals at level 2 nested within 275 Swedish municipalities at level 3. We find that the health state scores increase significantly with municipality election rates. This result is robust to a number of measurement and specification issues explored in a sensitivity analysis. However, almost all variation in health status exists across individuals (more than 98%), which demonstrates that even if social capital (and other contextual variables) may be significant it is of less importance, at least at the municipality level in Sweden.
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| 3. |
- Islam, Kamrul
(författare)
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Essays on Social Capital, Health and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health A Health Economic Study
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis comprises four independent research papers and a summary that focus on two related dimensions. The first dimension focuses on the understanding of the production of health. Particularly, the question is asked whether community's stock of social capital influence individual's health. The second dimension focuses on an attempt to understand the causes of socioeconomic health inequality (SHI). The research questions are asked whether individual and contextual area factors explain SHI, how SHI change over time and whether population aging may impact on SHI. The first paper of the thesis critically reviews the notion of social capital and systematically reviews empirical literature on the association between social capital and health across countries. The study also explores some analytical and interpretational issues that may be pertinent when assessing health impact of contextual or area-level social capital. The paper concludes that there is a robust association between social capital and health at the individual-level with respect to the degree of egalitarianism within a country. Area-level social capital may be less salient when used to explain health differences across places in egalitarian countries. The second paper tests whether individual health status is related to area-level social capital, controlling for personal characteristics. The analysis is based on unbalanced panel data from Statistic Sweden's Survey of Living Conditions (the ULF survey) and a 3-level multilevel regression analysis, where level-1 consists of a total of 31,585 observations of 24,419 individuals at level-2 nested within 275 Swedish municipalities at level-3. The results show that the health status increases significantly with area-level social capital; however, almost all variation in health status exists across individuals. The third paper explores a conceptual model whereby the study suggests mechanisms by which community social capital (CSC) may act as an aggregate factor that may increase the efficiency of the long-run production function of an individual with respect to health production. The study explores the effects of CSC externalities on individual all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks. Two municipality-level variables? election participation rate and crime rate- are used to be a proxy for CSC. The study uses pooled ULF survey data from the annual interviews conducted in 1980-1997 for all the subjects aged 20-84 years who were followed up for 4-21 years. Using the extended Cox model (considering both flexible baseline hazard and time varying covariates), the study estimates the effects of CSC externalities controlling for the initial health status and a number of individual characteristics. The results indicate that CSC influence individual risk from all-cause mortality only for the males but not for females. The impacts are higher for the elderly males than for the entire population. A higher CSC decrease the mortality risk from cancer for the elderly males and may also have exerted protective effects for cardiovascular mortality and deaths due to ?suicide? or ?other external causes?. The fourth paper attempts to explain how population aging affects socioeconomic health inequality (SHI) and how SHI changes over time. Using a Swedish long panel data of 3,310 individuals and concentration index (CI) as a measure of SHI, the changes in SHI over time have been estimated. The CIs for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores are calculated and decomposed on its sources based on an estimation of the determinants of health using a panel data fixed-effect model. Results show that CIs increase over time when individuals are ranked by current income and demonstrates that one of the channels behind this upward trend in CIs is the fact that retired people dropped in relative income ranking as the cohorts aged. This trend in standardized indices is found to remain stable when people are instead ranked according to lifetime (mean) income. List of Papers The thesis is based on the following original papers I. Islam M. K., Merlo J., Kawachi I., Lindström M., Gerdtham U-G (2006). Social capital and health: Does egalitarianism matter? A literature review, International Journal for Equity in Health, 5 (3). II. Islam M. K., Merlo J., Kawachi I., Lindström M., Burström K., Gerdtham U-G. (2006). Does it really matter where you live? A panel data multilevel analysis of Swedish municipality level social capital on individual health-related quality of life, Health Economics Policy and Law, 1(3): 209-235. III. Islam M. K., Gerdtham U-G., Gullberg B., Lindström M., Merlo J. (2007). Social capital externalities and mortality in Sweden. Accepted for publication in Economics and Human Biology. IV. Islam M. K., Gerdtham U-G., Cleark, P., Burström K. (2006). Does socioeconomic health inequality change as the population ages? Evidence from Swedish panel data. Manuscript submitted for publication.
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| 4. |
- Islam, Kamrul, et al.
(författare)
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Social capital externalities and mortality in Sweden.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Economics and Human Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6130 .- 1570-677X. ; 6:1, s. 19-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We conceptualize social capital as an aggregate factor affecting health production and analyze the effect of community social capital (CSC) externalities on individual mortality risk in Sweden. The study was based on a random sample from the adult Swedish population of approximately 95,000 individuals who were followed up for 4-21 years. Two municipality-level variables - registered election participation rate and registered crime rate - were used to be a proxy for CSC. The impact of CSC on mortality was estimated with an extended Cox model, controlling for the initial health status and a number of individual characteristics. The results indicate that both proxies of CSC were associated with individual risk from all-cause mortality for males older than 65+ (p=0.013 and p=0.008) but not for females. A higher election participation rate negatively and significantly associated with the mortality risk from cancer for males (p=0.007), and may also have exerted protective associations for cardiovascular mortality (p=0.134) and deaths due to "suicide" (p=0.186) or "other external causes" (p=0.055). Similar associations were observed for the crime rate variable. The findings were robust to alternative specifications examined in the sensitivity analysis.
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| 5. |
- Islam, Kamrul, et al.
(författare)
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The Cost of Maternal-Newborn Illness and Mortality
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the estimation of the cost of illness (COI) related to maternal-newborn ill-health (MNIH). The methodology used for the review includes a systematic search on electronic databases for published literature and manual searches for the identification of grey (unpublished) literature. Searches are based on the major electronic databases and also on the home pages of some major international organizations. While the problems of MNIH are well known and the importance of conducting COI studies is understood, knowledge is still lacking about the magnitude of the costs of MNIH at the societal level. After a search of the existing electronic databases, only one published paper was found to be relevant for the review; four grey studies (using REDUCE Safe Motherhood model) were also directly relevant. The published study estimates most of the cost components associated with a particular complication of MNIH -- emergency obstetric care (EmOC) -- and reports a total average cost per user of EmOC in the range of US$ 177-369 in Bangladesh. The unpublished studies based on the REDUCE model illustrate the MNIH issue more directly and elaborately; however, they estimate merely the productivity cost for four African countries. The model estimates a huge amount of productivity losses associated with MNIH: an annual total of about US$ 95 million for Ethiopia and about US$ 85 million for Uganda. To formulate an idea of issues related to data, measurement and methodology the present study also reviews COI studies on other related diseases that are similar to those on MNIH. The review reveals some difficulties in measurement and proposes to incorporate some relevant cost components that MNIH cause society and also suggests probable data sources for COI studies of MNIH. Although it is evident that MNIH results in suffering for women and children and hinders economic development through its huge burden for society, in order to stimulate further policy debate regarding its significance future research efforts should be directed towards theoretically sound and comprehensive COI studies with use of longitudinal and experimental data.
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| 6. |
- Islam, Md. Kamrul, et al.
(författare)
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Catalytic fractionation of Palm Kernel shell with Co and Cu over zeolite HY catalysts
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. - : Elsevier. - 0165-2370 .- 1873-250X. ; 178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignocellulosic biomass has the potential to be transformed valuable chemicals. This study extracted lignin from palm kernel shell with liquid phased oxidative fractionation in the presence of Co and Cu loaded over Zeolite HY catalysts. The oxidative fractionation was conducted at temperatures ranging from 140 °C to 180 °C, with various reaction times of 2–4 h. The GCMS analysis identified various products from the oxidative conversion including phenol derivatives (Butylated hydroxytoluene, 1,2-Benzenediol, etc.), phenolic aldehydes (Vanillin, Syringaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, etc.), and carboxylic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid etc.). At a reaction temperature of 180 °C with a 2 h reaction time, Co/Zeolite HY catalyst yielded 9.81% and Cu/Zeolite HY catalyst yielded 13.53% for phenol derivatives. The optimal yield of lignin-derived compounds was achieved with a 5 wt% catalyst loading in the context of biomass weight, particularly with a 10% metal loading of Co and Cu over Zeolite HY support. Additionally, the total yield of lignin-derived compounds obtained was 32.85% for 10%Co/Zeolite HY and 23.89% for 10%Cu/Zeolite HY, catalysts respectively. This research displays incorporating metals into zeolite support subsequently boosts their catalytic efficiency in lignin oxidation.
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| 7. |
- Islam, M. Kamrul, et al.
(författare)
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Does income-related health inequality change as the population ages? Evidence from Swedish panel data
- 2010
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Ingår i: Health Economics. - : Wiley. - 1099-1050 .- 1057-9230. ; 19:3, s. 334-349
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explains and empirically assesses the channels through which Population aging may impact on income-related health inequality. Long panel data of Swedish individuals is used to estimate the observed trend in income-related health inequality, measures by the concentration index (CI). A decomposition procedure based on a fixed effects model is used to clarify the channels by which population aging affects health inequality. Based on current income rankings, we find that conventional unstandardized and age-gender-standardized CIs increase over time. This trend in CIs is, however, found to remain stable when people are instead ranked according to lifetime (mean) income. Decomposition analyses show that two channels are responsible for the upward trend in unstandardized CIs - retired people dropped in relative income ranking and the coefficient of variation of health increases as the population ages. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 8. |
- Islam, M Kamrul, et al.
(författare)
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Social capital and health: does egalitarianism matter? A literature review
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal for Equity in Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1475-9276. ; 5:3
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the paper is to critically review the notion of social capital and review empirical literature on the association between social capital and health across countries. The methodology used for the review includes a systematic search on electronic databases for peer-reviewed published literature. We categorize studies according to level of analysis (single and multilevel) and examine whether studies reveal a significant health impact of individual and area level social capital. We compare the study conclusions according to the country's degrees of economic egalitarianism. Regardless of study design, our findings indicate that a positive association (fixed effect) exists between social capital and better health irrespective of countries degree of egalitarianism. However, we find that the between-area variance (random effect) in health tends to be lower in more egalitarian countries than in less egalitarian countries. Our tentative conclusion is that an association between social capital and health at the individual level is robust with respect to the degree of egalitarianism within a country. Area level or contextual social capital may be less salient in egalitarian countries in explaining health differences across places.
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| 9. |
- Morshed, Muhammad Sarwar Jahan, et al.
(författare)
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Integration of wireless hand-held devices with the cloud architecture : Security and privacy issues
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proc. - Int. Conf. P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud Internet Comput., 3PGCIC. - 9780769545318 ; , s. 83-88
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Use of wireless hand held devices like mobile, PDA, laptop etc. is increasing rapidly. Many advanced users want more functionality with these wireless devices to manage their daily schedule. But most of the wireless hand-held devices have limited resource capability for robust functionality. Therefore cloud computing environment could be an alternative solution for these devices to support resource consuming applications. If the wireless hand held device is connected with the cloud, user can use more resource consuming applications and private data (stored in the cloud) from those devices. But privacy and security of the personal information and data make the user concern for using the cloud. The aim of the paper is to identify the security and privacy related risks and threats of the mass users as well as corporate users, if the wireless hand-held devices will be integrated with the cloud.
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