| 1. |
- Feigin, Valery L., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 20:10, s. 795-820
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12.2 million (95% UI 11.0-13.6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93.2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6.55 million (6.00-7.02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11.6% [10.8-12.2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5.7% [5.1-6.2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70.0% (67.0-73.0), prevalent strokes increased by 85.0% (83.0-88.0), deaths from stroke increased by 43.0% (31.0-55.0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32.0% (22.0-42.0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17.0% (15.0-18.0), mortality decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0), prevalence decreased by 6.0% (5.0-7.0), and DALYs decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22.0% (21.0-24.0) and incidence rates increased by 15.0% (12.0-18.0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3.6 (3.5-3.8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3.7 (3.5-3.9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62.4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7.63 million [6.57-8.96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27.9% (3.41 million [2.97-3.91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9.7% (1.18 million [1.01-1.39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79.6 million [67.7-90.8] DALYs or 55.5% [48.2-62.0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34.9 million [22.3-48.6] DALYs or 24.3% [15.7-33.2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28.9 million [19.8-41.5] DALYs or 20.2% [13.8-29.1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28.7 million [23.4-33.4] DALYs or 20.1% [16.6-23.0]), and smoking (25.3 million [22.6-28.2] DALYs or 17.6% [16.4-19.0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries.
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| 2. |
- Duo, Xinzhong, et al.
(författare)
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A concurrent multi-band LNA for multi-standard radios
- 2005
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Ingår i: 2005 IEEE International Symposium On Circuits And Systems (ISCAS), Conference Proceedings. - : IEEE. - 0780388348 ; , s. 3982-3985
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A source-degenerated cascade LNA, which works at 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz simultaneously, is designed for Bluetooth and IEEE wireless LAN 802.11 a/b/g receivers. In this design, 0.15 mu m GaAs PHEMT technology and embedded passives in MCM-D substrate are implemented. At 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz, this LNA provides 12.2dB and 15.3dB gain, respectively. Noise figures of the LNA are 0.53dB and 1.43dB, respectively. Good input matching and output matching are also achieved-S11 and S22 at both frequencies are less than -10dB.
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| 3. |
- Duo, Xinzhong, et al.
(författare)
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A DC-13GHz LNA for UWB RFID applications
- 2004
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Ingår i: 22ND NORCHIP CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS. - 0780385101 ; , s. 241-244
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we present a 4-stage traveling wave lownoise amplifier for UWB RFID (ultra-wideband radiofrequency identification). This LNA covers a frequencyrange of DC - 13 CHz. The circuit is implemented with0.I5pm GaAs PHEMT chips embedded in flexible LCP(liquid crystal polymer) substrate. In the frequency range,the gain of the LNA is better than IO dB, fluctuation of thegain is less than 3dB, its noise figure is less than 4dB, SI 1and S22 are around -10 dB.
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| 4. |
- Duo, Xinzhong, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of lossy packaging parasitics for common emitter LNA in system-on-package
- 2004
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Ingår i: ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRONIC PACKAGING. - NEW YORK : IEEE. - 0780386671 ; , s. 75-78
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Advances of VLSI and packaging technologies enable condensed integration of an RF system in a single module, known as SoC and SoP. In order to find a better solution between SoC and SoP for RF systems and their sub-systems, it is needed to predict and estimate performance of each solution. In this paper, analytical equations for noise figure and gain of inductively degenerated common-emitter low-noise amplifiers in SoP/SoC are deduced as functions of passives and packaging parasitics. They hence enable designers to evaluate overall performance of each solution quantitatively. As well, influence of lossy packaging parasitics on LNA is also analyzed.
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| 5. |
- Duo, Xinzhong, et al.
(författare)
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Broadband CMOS LNAs for IR-UWB receiver
- 2005
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Ingår i: Norchip 2005, Proceedings. - New York : IEEE. - 1424400643 ; , s. 273-276
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two single-ended wideband LNAs for Ultrawide-band receiver have been designed and implemented in 0.18 mu m CMOS technology. The first one, a feed-back LNA, is a two-stage amplifier with a improved feedback loop, which provides high gain and enables the input port to match with 500 in a wide frequency range from 500MHz to 8GHz. The second one, an LC low-pass-filter matched LNA, employs a third-order low pass filter in the input port to match a frequency range from 3GHz to 8GHz. In both of the LNAs, the input stage is a common source amplifier. Inductive shunt peaking is used for maximizing the bandwidth and flatting the gain. In the feed-back LNA, measurements show that the maximum gain is 11.5dB, the 3-dB; bandwidth is from 500MHz to 7GHz, IIP3 is -2.2dBm at 4GHz, the minimum noise figure is around 5.7dB, S11 is less than 8.2dB, and the power consumption is 14mW. In the LC filter matched LNA, the 3-dB bandwidth is from 3GHz to 7.3GHz. The maximum gain is 9.6dB, IIP3 is 0dBm at 4 GHz, the minimum noise figure is 7.6dB, S11 is less than -13.4dB and the power consumption is 23mW.
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| 6. |
- El Ghany, M. A. A., et al.
(författare)
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High throughput high performance NoC switch
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing the number of virtual channels can improve the throughput in an on-chip interconnection network. High Throughput Butterfly Fat Tree (HTBFT) architecture to achieve high performance Networks on Chip (NoC) is proposed. The architecture increases the throughput of the network by 38% while preserving the average latency. The area of HTBFT switch is decreased by 18% as compared to Butterfly Fat Tree switch.
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| 7. |
- Gabi, Danlami, et al.
(författare)
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Cloud customers service selection scheme based on improved conventional cat swarm optimization
- 2020
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Ingår i: Neural Computing & Applications. - : Springer. - 0941-0643 .- 1433-3058. ; 32, s. 14817-14838
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With growing demand on resources situated at the cloud datacenters, the need for customers' resource selection techniques becomes paramount in dealing with the concerns of resource inefficiency. Techniques such as metaheuristics are promising than the heuristics, most especially when handling large scheduling request. However, addressing certain limitations attributed to the metaheuristic such as slow convergence speed and imbalance between its local and global search could enable it become even more promising for customers service selection. In this work, we propose a cloud customers service selection scheme called Dynamic Multi-Objective Orthogonal Taguchi-Cat (DMOOTC). In the proposed scheme, avoidance of local entrapment is achieved by not only increasing its convergence speed, but balancing between its local and global search through the incorporation of Taguchi orthogonal approach. To enable the scheme to meet customers' expectations, Pareto dominant strategy is incorporated providing better options for customers in selecting their service preferences. The implementation of our proposed scheme with that of the benchmarked schemes is carried out on CloudSim simulator tool. With two scheduling scenarios under consideration, simulation results show for the first scenario, our proposed DMOOTC scheme provides better service choices with minimum total execution time and cost (with up to 42.87%, 35.47%, 25.49% and 38.62%, 35.32%, 25.56% reduction) and achieves 21.64%, 18.97% and 13.19% improvement for the second scenario in terms of execution time compared to that of the benchmarked schemes. Similarly, statistical results based on 95% confidence interval for the whole scheduling scheme also show that our proposed scheme can be much more reliable than the benchmarked scheme. This is an indication that the proposed DMOOTC can meet customers' expectations while providing guaranteed performance of the whole cloud computing environment.
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| 8. |
- Micah, Angela E., et al.
(författare)
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Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 398:10308, s. 1317-1343
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 9. |
- Uthman, Muhammed Mubashir B., et al.
(författare)
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Interventions for the prevention of mycobacterium avium complex in adults and children with HIV
- 2013
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Ingår i: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. - 1469-493X .- 1469-493X. ; :4, s. Art. no. CD007191-
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is a common complication of advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease and is an independent predictor of mortality and shortened survival. Objectives To determine the effectiveness and safety of interventions aimed at preventing MAC infection in adults and children with HIV infection. Search methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library (search date December 2012). Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials comparing different strategies for preventing MAC infection in HIV-infected individuals. Data collection and analysis Two reviewers independently assessed trial eligibility and quality, and extracted data. Where data were incomplete or unclear, a third reviewer resolved conflicts and/or trial authors were contacted for further details. Development of MAC infection and survival were compared using risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The quality of evidence has been assessed using the GRADE methodology. Main results Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Placebo-controlled trials There was no statistically significant difference between clofazimine and no treatment groups in the number of patients that developed MAC infection (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.37 to 2.80). Rifabutin (one study; RR 0.48; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.67), azithromycin (three studies; RR 0.37; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.74) and clarithromycin (one study; RR 0.35; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.58) were more effective than placebo in preventing the development of MAC infection. There was no statistically significant difference between those treated with clofazimine (one study; RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.41 to 2.32), rifabutin (one study RR 0.91; 95% CI 0.78 to 1.05), azithromycin (three studies, pooled RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.69 to 1.32) and placebo in number of reported deaths. One study found that the risk of death was reduced by 22% in patients treated with clarithromycin compared to those treated with placebo (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.96). Monotherapy vs. monotherapy Patients treated with clarithromycin (RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.89) and azithromycin (RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.89) were 40% less likely to develop MAC infection than those treated with rifabutin. There was no statistically significant difference between those treated with clarithromycin (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.15), azithromycin (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.77 to 1.24) and rifabutin in the number of reported deaths Combination therapy versus monotherapy There was no statistically significant difference between patients treated with a combination of rifabutin and clarithromycin and those treated with clarithromycin alone (RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.46 to 1.20); and those treated with combination of rifabutin and azithromycin and those treated with azithromycin alone (RR 0.59; 95% CI 1.03). Patients treated with a combination of rifabutin plus clarithromycin were 56% less likely to develop MAC infection than those treated with rifabutin alone (RR 0.44; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.69). Patients treated with a combination of rifabutin plus azithromycin were 65% less likely to develop MAC infection than those treated with rifabutin alone (RR 0.35; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.59). There was no statistically significant difference in the number of reported deaths in all the four different comparisons of prophylactic agents. Authors' conclusions Based on limited data, azithromycin or clarithromycin appeared to be a prophylactic agent of choice for MAC infection. Further studies are needed, especially direct comparison of clarithromycin and azithromycin. In additions, studies that will compare different doses and regimens are needed.
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| 10. |
- Yahaya, Ismail, et al.
(författare)
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Interventions for HIV-associated nephropathy
- 2013
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Ingår i: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. - 1469-493X .- 1469-493X. ; :1, s. Art. no. CD007183-
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is the most common cause of end stage kidney disease (ESKD) in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) serotype patients and it mostly affects patients of African descent. It rapidly progresses to ESKD if untreated. The goal of treatment is directed toward reducing HIV-1 replication and/or slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease. The following pharmacological agents have been used for the treatment of HIVAN: antiretroviral therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), steroids and recently cyclosporin. Despite this, the effect of each intervention is yet to be evaluated. Objectives To evaluate the benefits and harms of adjunctive therapies in the management of HIVAN and its effects on symptom severity and all-cause mortality. Search methods In January 2012 we searched the Cochrane Renal Group's Specialised Register, AIDS Education Global Information System (AEGIS database), ClinicalTrial.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Portal, and reference lists of retrieved articles without language restrictions. In our original review we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and AIDSearch, in addition to contacting individual researchers, research organisations and pharmaceutical companies. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of any therapy used in the treatment of HIVAN. Data collection and analysis We independently screened the search outputs for relevant studies and to retrieve full articles when necessary. For dichotomous outcomes results were to be expressed as risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals, and for continuous scales of measurement the mean difference was to be used. Main results We identified four relevant ongoing studies: one is still ongoing; two have completed recruitment but are yet to be published; and the fourth study was suspended for unspecified reasons. No completed RCTs or quasi-RCTs were identified. We summarised and tabulated the data from the observational studies, however no formal analyses were performed. Authors' conclusions There is currently no RCT-based evidence upon which to base guidelines for the treatment of HIVAN, however three ongoing studies have been identified. Data from observational studies suggest steroids and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors appear to improve kidney function in patients with HIVAN, however no formal analyses were performed in this review. This review highlights the need for good quality RCTs to address the effects of interventions for treating this group.
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