| 1. |
- Carney Almroth, Bethanie, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the effects of textile leachates in fish using multiple testing methods: From gene expression to behavior
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. - : Elsevier BV. - 0147-6513 .- 1090-2414. ; 207
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The textile industry, while of major importance in the world economy, is a toxic industry utilizing and emitting thousands of chemical substances into the aquatic environment. The aim of this project was to study the potentially harmful effects associated with the leaching of chemical residues from three different types of textiles: sportswear, children’s bath towels, and denim using different fish models (cell lines, fish larvae and juvenile fish). A combination of in vitro and in vivo test systems was used. Numerous biomarkers, ranging from gene expression, cytotoxicity and biochemical analysis to behavior, were measured to detect effects of leached chemicals. Principle findings indicate that leachates from all three types of textiles induced cytotoxicity on fish cell lines (RTgill-W1). Leachates from sportswear and towels induced mortality in zebrafish embryos, and chemical residues from sportswear reduced locomotion responses in developing larval fish. Sportswear leachate increased Cyp1a mRNA expression and EROD activity in liver of exposed brown trout. Leachates from towels induced EROD activity and VTG in rainbow trout, and these effects were mitigated by the temperature of the extraction process. All indicators of toxicity tested showed that exposure to textile leachate can cause adverse reactions in fish. These findings suggested that chemical leaching from textiles from domestic households could pose an ecotoxicological threat to the health of the aquatic environment.
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| 2. |
- Jönander, Christina, 1990
(författare)
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Effects of contaminant mixtures on marine zooplankton diversity and function
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Chemicals have important roles in our society and can be used as ingredients in personal care products, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, as well as be components of fuels used in cars or ships. More than 350 000 chemicals and mixtures have been registered for use, which only covers a part of all the chemicals that we may come into contact with. The frequent use of chemicals can result in both intentional and unintentional release of many substances to the environment, where many eventually end up in the sea. These contaminant mixtures have the potential to adversely affect marine organisms, particularly as mixtures of chemicals are known to cause larger effects than when applied individually. Some of the organisms that first encounter contaminants in the water are zooplankton. This diverse community consists of organisms that span many phyla, and that have many important functions in the pelagic food web. Some of these include grazing on microalgae that can cause harmful blooms, and constituting an important food source for larger organisms such as fish. In this thesis, I aim to investigate the impacts of both unintentional mixtures (generated from a single source) and coincidental mixtures (originating from several sources) on the biodiversity and function of two trophic levels of marine zooplankton, and to find out which chemicals in the respective mixtures that are the main contributors to their toxicities. The first two papers focus on the effects from unintentional mixtures originating from shipping activities, and the second two focus on effects from coincidental mixtures found in marine surface water near urban areas with industry. All studies involve effects of contaminant mixtures on natural marine zooplankton communities used in laboratory experiments. The results in this thesis show evidence of clear mixture toxicity of all tested mixtures, in line with what has been observed elsewhere. The findings include effects on both alpha and beta diversity in zooplankton, and on mesozooplankton ability to feed and reproduce, at concentrations of contaminants that already exist or are likely to exist in the marine environment. The findings demonstrate that the estimated toxicity is generally lower using a component-based approach, where toxicity is modelled using the individual toxicities of the substances, than when using a whole mixture approach, where zooplankton are exposed to an entire mixture. The results demonstrate that there are generally few substances in each mixture that are driving the toxicity, although the number of these toxicity-drivers vary between different mixtures. The findings of this thesis contribute to a broader perspective of how contaminant mixtures affect marine zooplankton in their environment, by including endpoints such as species diversity, and ability to feed and reproduce, which are normally not included in chemical risk assessment. Furthermore, the findings suggest that there are cause for concern regarding the impact of chemicals present in coastal environments near industry, as well as from wastewater discharged from ships with exhaust gas cleaning systems (closed-loop scrubbers), as they have the potential to harm zooplankton in coastal waters.
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| 3. |
- Jönander, Christina, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to closed-loop scrubber washwater alters biodiversity, reproduction, and grazing of marine zooplankton
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Marine Science. - 2296-7745. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shipping is a large industry responsible for atmospheric emissions of hazardous substances including SOX, NOX, and particulate matter. Many ships have installed exhaust gas cleaning systems (scrubbers) to remove primarily SOX from the exhaust, but the hazardous substances are instead transferred to the water used in the scrubbing process. Ships with closed-loop scrubbers recirculate the water but can still discharge around 126-150 m3 directly to the surrounding marine environment every day. The discharged water contains metals and organic substances, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, that are known to be toxic to marine zooplankton. Here we show that closed-loop scrubber washwater is toxic to communities of marine mesozooplankton at our lowest tested dilution, 1.5% (v/v), and affects survival, reproduction, diversity, and ability to predate on microzooplankton. The cumulative toxic unit of the undiluted closed-loop scrubber washwater was estimated to 17, which indicates that the water could be toxic at levels below what was tested in this study. Among all detected substances, vanadium, copper, benzo[ghi]perylene, nickel, and zinc were identified as toxicity-driving substances in the order listed. Closed-loop scrubber washwater has been shown to affect development and survival in single species of copepods, but here we find evidence of toxicity at the community level, irrespective of seasonal community structure, and that the exposure has potential to disrupt the interactions between trophic levels in the pelagic food web. We show that the closed-loop scrubber washwater cause both lethal and sublethal effects in marine zooplankton, due to contaminants, some of which are persistent in the marine environment.
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| 4. |
- Jönander, Christina, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Short and long-term effects of low-sulphur fuels on marine zooplankton communities.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Aquatic Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-445X. ; 227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International shipping is responsible for the release of numerous contaminants to the air and the marine environment. In order to reduce airborne emissions, a global 0.5 % sulphur limit for marine fuels was implemented in January 2020. Recently, a new generation of so-called hybrid fuels that meet these new requirements have appeared on the market. Studies have shown that these fuels have physical properties that make conventional clean-up methods difficult, but few have studied their effects on marine life. We conducted short and long-term microcosm experiments with natural mesozooplankton communities exposed to the water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of the hybrid fuel RMD80 (0.1 % sulphur) and a Marine Gas Oil (MGO). We compared the toxicity of both fuel types in 48h short-term exposures, and studied the effects of the hybrid fuel on community structure over two generations in a 28-day experiment. The F0 generation was exposed for eight days and the F1 generation was raised for 22 days without exposure. GC-MS and GC-FID analysis of the WAFs revealed that the hybrid fuel was dominated by a mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), whereas the MGO was mainly composed of VOCs. We observed significant short-term effects on copepod egg production from exposure to 25 % hybrid fuel WAF, but no effects from the MGO WAF at equivalent WAF dilution. In the long-term experiment with RMD80, the feeding rate was initially increased after exposure to 0.5-1.1 % hybrid fuel WAF, but this did not increase the copepod egg production. Significant change in community structure was observed after eight days in the F0 community at 0.5-3.3 % WAF. Indications of further alterations in species abundances was observed in the F1 community. Our results demonstrate that the MGO is a less toxic low-sulphur alternative to the hybrid fuel for marine zooplankton, and that a hybrid fuel spill could result in altered diversity of future generations of copepod communities.
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| 5. |
- Jönander, Christina, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Single substance and mixture toxicity of dibutyl-phthalate and sodium dodecyl sulphate to marine zooplankton
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. - : Elsevier BV. - 0147-6513 .- 1090-2414. ; 234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several contaminants exceed their environmental thresholds in Swedish marine surface waters. We ranked the toxicity-drivers among contaminants detected near heavy industry, based on toxicity to zooplankton, and identified di-butyl phthalate and sodium dodecyl sulphate as contaminants of concern. We tested their acute individual and mixture toxicity by assessing effects on mortality, biodiversity, algal growth, and copepod reproduction in natural mesozooplankton communities. The mixture effects were compared to Independent Action mixture model predictions. Egg production and algae growth were affected at 4 µmol/l DBP, and effects on mortality, algae growth and biodiversity were observed at 12 µmol/l SDS. The mixture (1 µmol/l DBP, 3 µmol/l SDS) affected all endpoints, and the observed effects were underestimated by 21% on average compared to predictions. We found that the successional trajectory in zooplankton communities was compound dependant, and that DBP and SDS are toxic to marine zooplankton, but at levels above measured environmental concentrations.
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