| 1. |
- Mast, Marcus, 1979-
(författare)
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Human-Robot Interaction for Semi-Autonomous Assistive Robots : Empirical Studies and an Interaction Concept for Supporting Elderly People at Home
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The research addresses current shortcomings of autonomous service robots operating in domestic environments by considering the concept of a semi-autonomous robot that would be supported by human remote operators whenever the robot cannot handle a task autonomously. The main research objective was to investigate how to design the human-robot interaction for a robotic system to assist elderly people with physical tasks at home according to this conceptual idea. The research procedure followed the principles of human-centered design and is structured into four phases:In the first phase, the context of use of the system to be designed was determined. A focus group study yielded characteristics and attitudes of several potential user groups. A survey determined the demands of elderly people and informal caregivers for services a semiautonomous assistive robot may provide. An ethnographic study investigated the living conditions of elderly people and determined technical challenges for robots operating in this type of environment. Another ethnographic study investigated the work environment in teleassistive service centers and determined the feasibility of extending their range of services to incorporate robotic teleassistance.In the second phase, two studies were carried out to understand the interaction requirements. The first study determined common types of failure of current autonomous robots and required human interventions to resolve such failure states. The second study investigated how the human assistance could be provided considering a range of potential interaction devices.In the third phase, a human-robot interaction concept with three user groups and dedicated user interfaces was designed. The concept and user interfaces were refined in an iterative process based on the results of evaluations with prospective users and received encouraging results for user satisfaction and user experience.In the fourth and final phase the utility of two specific user interface features was investigated experimentally. The first experiment investigated the utility of providing remote operators with global 3D environment maps during robot navigation and identified beneficial usage scenarios. The second experiment investigated the utility of stereoscopic display for remote manipulation and robot navigation. Results suggested temporal advantages under stereoscopic display for one of three investigated task types and potential advantages for the other two.
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| 2. |
- Palmqvist, Lisa, 1987-
(författare)
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Time to Plan : How to support everyday planning in adolescents with intellectual disability
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) have difficulties in executive functioning and when coping with everyday planning tasks. However, the literature cannot explain whether individuals with ID perform according to their developmental level or not. The studies in this thesis investigated if life experience could be a contributing factor to the diversity seen in the literature. Planning performance can be improved by either using external or internal support. Assistive technology for cognition (ATC) is an example of external support. This thesis investigated how the ATC is being used in an everyday planning situation which has not been investigated before. Furthermore, this thesis explored whether the internal supports of cognitive abilities and life experience correlate with planning ability in adolescents with ID, and if planning ability can be trained using a cognitive training program for everyday planning. Results showed that ATC supported cognitive functions, but that the children did not formulate the plans themselves. Furthermore, the results support the difference model of ID since planning correlated with different cognitive measures and life experience in adolescents with ID compared to children with a typical development. Adolescents with ID got better at the planning tasks in the training program, however, no transfer effects to untrained planning tasks were found. To conclude, the planning was supported by external and internal support. However, ATC needs to be designed and prescribed in a way that increases independence. Practitioners should actively support in training planning and should be cautious when introducing cognitive interventions if the transfer gap is too large.
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| 3. |
- Saifullah, Mohammad, 1973-
(författare)
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Biologically-Based Interactive Neural Network Models for Visual Attention and Object Recognition
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main focus of this thesis is to develop biologically-based computational models for object recognition. A series of models for attention and object recognition were developed in the order of increasing functionality and complexity. These models are based on information processing in the primate brain, and specially inspired from the theory of visual information processing along the two parallel processing pathways of the primate visual cortex. To capture the true essence of incremental, constraint satisfaction style processing in the visual system, interactive neural networks were used for implementing our models. Results from eye-tracking studies on the relevant visual tasks, as well as our hypothesis regarding the information processing in the primate visual system, were implemented in the models and tested with simulations.As a first step, a model based on the ventral pathway was developed to recognize single objects. Through systematic testing, structural and algorithmic parameters of these models were fine tuned for performing their task optimally. In the second step, the model was extended by considering the dorsal pathway, which enables simulation of visual attention as an emergent phenomenon. The extended model was then investigated for visual search tasks. In the last step, we focussed on occluded and overlapped object recognition. A couple of eye-tracking studies were conducted in this regard and on the basis of the results we made some hypotheses regarding information processing in the primate visual system. The models were further advanced on the lines of the presented hypothesis, and simulated on the tasks of occluded and overlapped object recognition.On the basis of the results and analysis of our simulations we have further found that the generalization performance of interactive hierarchical networks improves with the addition of a small amount of Hebbian learning to an otherwise pure error-driven learning. We also concluded that the size of the receptive fields in our networks is an important parameter for the generalization task and depends on the object of interest in the image. Our results show that networks using hard coded feature extraction perform better than the networks that use Hebbian learning for developing feature detectors. We have successfully demonstrated the emergence of visual attention within an interactive network and also the role of context in the search task. Simulation results with occluded and overlapped objects support our extended interactive processing approach, which is a combination of the interactive and top-down approach, to the segmentation-recognition issue. Furthermore, the simulation behavior of our models is in line with known human behavior for similar tasks.In general, the work in this thesis will improve the understanding and performance of biologically-based interactive networks for object recognition and provide a biologically-plausible solution to recognition of occluded and overlapped objects. Moreover, our models provide some suggestions for the underlying neural mechanism and strategies behind biological object recognition.
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| 4. |
- Saifullah, Mohammad, 1973-
(författare)
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Exploring Biologically-Inspired Interactive Networks for Object Recognition
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis deals with biologically-inspired interactive neural networks for the task of object recognition. Such networks offer an interesting alternative approach to traditional image processing techniques. Although the networks are very powerful classification tools, they are difficult to handle due to their bidirectional interactivity. It is one of the main reasons why these networks do not perform the task of generalization to novel objects well. Generalization is a very important property for any object recognition system, as it is impractical for a system to learn all instances of an object class before classifying. In this thesis, we have investigated the working of an interactive neural network by fine tuning different structural and algorithmic parameters. The performance of the networks was evaluated by analyzing the generalization ability of the trained network to novel objects. Furthermore, the interactivity of the network was utilized to simulate focus of attention during object classification. Selective attention is an important visual mechanism for object recognition and provides an efficient way of using the limited computational resources of the human visual system. Unlike most previous work in the field of image processing, in this thesis attention is considered as an integral part of object processing. Attention focus, in this work, is computed within the same network and in parallel with object recognition.As a first step, a study into the efficacy of Hebbian learning as a feature extraction method was conducted. In a second study, the receptive field size in the network, which controls the size of the extracted features as well as the number of layers in the network, was varied and analyzed to find its effect on generalization. In a continuation study, a comparison was made between learnt (Hebbian learning) and hard coded feature detectors. In the last study, attention focus was computed using interaction between bottom-up and top-down activation flow with the aim to handle multiple objects in the visual scene. On the basis of the results and analysis of our simulations we have found that the generalization performance of the bidirectional hierarchical network improves with the addition of a small amount of Hebbian learning to an otherwise error-driven learning. We also conclude that the optimal size of the receptive fields in our network depends on the object of interest in the image. Moreover, each receptive field must contain some part of the object in the input image. We have also found that networks using hard coded feature extraction perform better than the networks that use Hebbian learning for developing feature detectors. In the last study, we have successfully demonstrated the emergence of visual attention within an interactive network that handles more than one object in the input field. Our simulations demonstrate how bidirectional interactivity directs attention focus towards the required object by using both bottom-up and top-down effects.In general, the findings of this thesis will increase understanding about the working of biologically-inspired interactive networks. Specifically, the studied effects of the structural and algorithmic parameters that are critical for the generalization property will help develop these and similar networks and lead to improved performance on object recognition tasks. The results from the attention simulations can be used to increase the ability of networks to deal with multiple objects in an efficient and effective manner.
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| 5. |
- Rennes, Evelina, 1990-
(författare)
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Automatic Adaptation of Swedish Text for Increased Inclusion
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Imagine what life would be if words did not make any sense to you. If you had to use a dictionary, or Google Translate, to check the meaning of each word. If you forgot the first part of the sentence when you got to the last word. Working would be hard, studying perhaps even more difficult. Reading is a skill essential for participation in many parts of the modern society, but there are many individuals incapable of assimilating text. This could be for various reasons, for instance due to dyslexia, cognitive disabilities, or as a consequence of having a different first language. In order to automate the adaptation process, more knowledge about the properties of Easy Language texts is needed. There are several collections of guidelines aimed at writers of Easy Language texts. Such guidelines are useful for getting an idea of what Easy Language should be, but they are often rather vague and rely on the expert knowledge and intuition of the writer. By analysing texts produced by writers of Easy Language, it is possible to operationalise the guidelines and obtain data for building models for automatic text adaptation. However, this approach requires large corpora of high quality, and the results are highly dependent on the training data.This doctoral thesis adopts an end-user approach to automatic text adaptation. The application of a reading comprehension perspective on Easy Language text adaptation differs from the text-based perspectives commonly used within the field and this position implies that the strengths and weaknesses of individuals in the different groups of poor readers are important to consider. We present and evaluate a variety of techniques for automatic text adaptation, as well as work on text complexity visualisation. Assessment of text complexity can be useful for both readers and writers of Easy Language texts. However, common complexity features are not easily interpretable, and this thesis presents work on enhancing interpretability of such features, using clustering and visualisation methods. The main contributions of this thesis are 1) a mapping of Easy Language guidelines to a theoretical model of reading comprehension, 2) a corpus of simple and standard documents, aligned at the sentence level, 3) clustering and visualisation of text complexity measures, and 4) a number of tools and services for the automatic adaptation of Swedish text.
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| 6. |
- Ahrenberg, Lars, 1948-, et al.
(författare)
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Analysing Changes in Official Use of the Design Concept Using SweCLARIN Resources
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the CLARIN Annual meeting.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We show how the tools and language resources developed within the SweClarin infrastructure can be used to investigate changes in the use and understanding of the Swedish related words arkitektur, design, form, and formgivning. Specifically, we compare their use in two governmental public reports on design, one from 1999 and the other from 2015. We test the hypothesis that their meaning has developed in a way that blurs distinctions that may be important to stakeholders in the respective fields.
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| 7. |
- Ahrenberg, Lars, 1948-, et al.
(författare)
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Analysing changes in official use of the design concept using SweCLARIN resources
- 2023
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Ingår i: Selected papers from the CLARIN Annual Conference 2022. - Linköping : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 9789180752541
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate changes in the use of four Swedish words from the fields of design and archi- tecture. It has been suggested that their meanings have been blurred, especially in governmental reports and policy documents, so that distinctions between them that are important to stakeholders in the respective fields are lost. Specifically, we compare usage in two governmental public reports on design, one from 1999 and the other from 2015, and additionally in opinion responses to the 2015 report. Our approach is to contextualise occurrences of the words in different representations of the texts using word embeddings, topic modelling and sentiment analysis. Tools and language resources developed within the SweClarin infrastructure have been crucial for the implementation of the study.
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| 8. |
- Jönsson, Arne, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Analyses of information security standards on data crawled from company web sites using SweClarin resources
- 2024
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the CLARIN Annual Conference 2023.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- With the purpose of analysing Swedish companies' adherence and adoption of the information security standard ISO 27001 and to examine the communicative constitution of preventive innovation in organisations, we have created a corpus of corporate texts from Swedish company websites. The corpus was analysed from multiple interdisciplinary perspectives in close cooperation with management researchers and SweClarin researchers using SweClarin tools and resources as well as standard language technology tools. Some analyses require deep reading, which was performed by management researchers, often guided by results from language analyses. Initial results have been presented at a management studies conference. In this paper, we focus on presenting the research issues, the methods used in the project, the results, and the experience of SweClarin researchers supporting researchers in social sciences. Our contribution is to show how it is possible, through the integration of human insights and digital methods, to increase the credibility and validity of a digitally acquired data set and subsequent research findings. In our view, a combination of human deep reading (management researchers), contextual lexical verification (management studies) and language technology (content and sentiment analysis) can help to sensitise computational text analysis for medium-sized data sets.
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| 9. |
- Segelström, Fabian, 1982-
(författare)
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Visualisations in Service Design
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Service design is a relatively new field which has its roots in the design field, but utilises knowledge from other disciplines focusing on services as well. The service design field can be described as a maturing field. However, much which is considered knowledge in the field is still based on anecdotes rather than research. One such area is visualisations of insights gained throughout the service design process. The goal of this thesis is to provide a scientific base for discussions on visualisations by describing the current use of visualisations and exploring what visualisations communicate. This is done through two different studies.The first study consists of a series of interviews with practicing service designers. The results show that all interviewees visualise their insights gained throughout the service design process. Further analysis found that there are three main lines of arguments used by the interviewees in regard to why they visualise; as a tool to find insights in the material, to keep empathy with users of the service and to communicate the insights to outside stakeholders.The second study analysed six visualisation types from actual service design projects by service design consultancies. Four different frameworks were used to analyse what visualisations did, and did not, communicate. Two of the frameworks were based on research in service design; the three reasons to visualise as stated in the interviews in study 1 and a framework for service design visualisations. The two frameworks were adapted from other service disciplines; what differentiates services from goods (the IHIP-framework), and a framework focusing on service as the base for all transactions (Service Dominant Logic). It is found that the visualisation types in general are strong in communicating the design aspects of services, but that they have problems in representing all aspects of service as identified in the service literature.The thesis provides an academic basis on the use of visualisations in service design. It is concluded that it seems like the service design community currently sees services as being not-goods, a line of thought other service disciplines have discarded the last ten years and replaced with a view of services as the basis for all transactions. The analysis highlights areas where there is a need to improve the visualisations to more accurately represent services.
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| 10. |
- Sundblad, Håkan, 1977-
(författare)
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Question Classification in Question Answering Systems
- 2007
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Question answering systems can be seen as the next step in information retrieval, allowing users to pose questions in natural language and receive succinct answers. In order for a question answering system as a whole to be successful, research has shown that the correct classification of questions with regards to the expected answer type is imperative. Question classification has two components: a taxonomy of answer types, and a machinery for making the classifications.This thesis focuses on five different machine learning algorithms for the question classification task. The algorithms are k nearest neighbours, naïve bayes, decision tree learning, sparse network of winnows, and support vector machines. These algorithms have been applied to two different corpora, one of which has been used extensively in previous work and has been constructed for a specific agenda. The other corpus is drawn from a set of users' questions posed to a running online system. The results showed that the performance of the algorithms on the different corpora differs both in absolute terms, as well as with regards to the relative ranking of them. On the novel corpus, naïve bayes, decision tree learning, and support vector machines perform on par with each other, while on the biased corpus there is a clear difference between them, with support vector machines being the best and naïve bayes being the worst.The thesis also presents an analysis of questions that are problematic for all learning algorithms. The errors can roughly be divided as due to categories with few members, variations in question formulation, the actual usage of the taxonomy, keyword errors, and spelling errors. A large portion of the errors were also hard to explain.
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