| 1. |
- Sonnby-Borgström, Marianne, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional Contagion, Imitative Responses and the Relationship Between These Responses From Subliminal to Supraliminal Levels of Information Processing
- 2007
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A "process-view" on emotional contagion and empathy was applied in the present design, a method that intended to combine theories based on biologically prepared emotional contagion with more cognitively grounded views. The first aim of the present study was to investigate if imitative facial responses and emotional contagion can be evoked as a result of automatic, unconscious processing or if these responses rely on conscious, interpretative processes. Further, the correspondence between the participants' degree of reported emotional contagion and the magnitude of their facial muscle responses was investigated. The third aim was to explore how increased involvement of conscious top-down processing influences facial responses, emotional contagion and the correlations between these responses. Processing of information from implicit, unconscious (17 ms) to conscious, top down (2500 ms) processing levels were induced by successively prolonged presentations of facial expressive stimuli. One hundred participants were exposed to masked pictures of happy, angry, and sad facial expressions. Facial responses (EMG) and emotional contagion (reported hedonic tone) were measured. Already at the subliminal exposure level emotional contagion and zygomaticus imitative responses were observed, as well as correlations between the participants' degree of emotional contagion and the magnitude of their facial zygomaticus responses. These results were interpreted as being in line with a spontaneous, automatic process involved in imitation and emotional contagion. The corrugator imitative responses were amplified with increased involvement of top-down processing, whereas the zygomaticus muscles showed an inverted response, smiling, towards angry faces at the supraliminal exposure. Correlations between the participants' magnitude of facial responses and their degree of emotional contagion were found at all exposure levels from subliminal to clearly supraliminal levels of exposure.
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| 2. |
- Sonnby-Borgström, Marianne, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional empathy as related to mimicry reactions at different levels of information
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. - 1573-3653. ; 27:1, s. 3-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hypotheses of this investigation were based on conceiving of facial mimicry reactions in face-to-face interactions as an early automatic component in the process of emotional empathy. Differences between individuals high and low in emotional empathy were investigated. The parameters compared were facial mimicry reactions, as represented by electromyographic (EMG) activity, when individuals were exposed to pictures of angry or happy faces. The present study distinguished between spontaneous facial reactions and facial expressions associated with more controlled or modulated emotions at different information processing levels, first at a preattentive level and then consecutively at more consciously controlled levels: 61 participants were exposed to pictures at three different exposure times (17, 56, and 2350 ms). A significant difference in facial mimicry reactions between high- and low-empathy participants emerged at short exposure times (56 ms), representing automatic, spontaneous reactions, with high-empathy participants showing a significant mimicking reaction. The low-empathy participants did not display mimicking at any exposure time. On the contrary, the low-empathy participants showed, in response to angry faces, a tendency to an elevated activation in the cheek region, which often is associated with smiling.
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| 3. |
- Sonnby-Borgström, Marianne, et al.
(författare)
-
Emotional empathy as related to mimicry reactions at different levels of information processing
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of nonverbal behavior. - : Springer. - 0191-5886 .- 1573-3653. ; 27:1, s. 3-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hypotheses of this investigation were based on conceiving of facial mimicry reactions in face-to-face interactions as an early automatic component in the process of emotional empathy. Differences between individuals high and low in emotional empathy were investigated. The parameters compared were facial mimicry reactions, as represented by electromyographic (EMG) activity, when individuals were exposed to pictures of angry or happy faces. The present study distinguished between spontaneous facial reactions and facial expressions associated with more controlled or modulated emotions at different information processing levels, first at a preattentive level and then consecutively at more consciously controlled levels: 61 participants were exposed to pictures at three different exposure times (17, 56, and 2350 ms). A significant difference in facial mimicry reactions between high- and low-empathy participants emerged at short exposure times (56 ms), representing automatic, spontaneous reactions, with high-empathy participants showing a significant mimicking reaction. The low-empathy participants did not display mimicking at any exposure time. On the contrary, the low-empathy participants showed, in response to angry faces, a tendency to an elevated activation in the cheek region, which often is associated with smiling.
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| 4. |
- Sonnby-Borgström, Marianne, et al.
(författare)
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Gender Differences in Facial Imitation and Emotional Contagion from Spontaneous to Emotionally Regulated Processing Levels
- 2007
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies on gender differences in facial imitation and emotional contagion have investigated emotional responses towards facial stimuli at supraliminal exposure times. The aim of the present study was to investigate how these gender differences are related to different exposure times, representing information processing levels from subliminal (spontaneous) to supraliminal (emotionally regulated). Further, the study aimed at exploring correlations between emotional contagion and facial responses for men and women. Masked pictures of angry, happy and sad faces were presented to 102 participants (51 men) at exposure times from subliminal (17 ms) to clearly supraliminal (2500 ms). Electromyographic activity (EMG) from the corrugator and the zygomaticus was measured and the participants reported their hedonic tone (emotional contagion) after stimulus exposures. The results showed an effect of exposure time on gender differences in facial responses as well as in emotional contagion. Women amplified imitative responses towards happy vs. angry faces and amplified their emotional contagion with prolonged exposures, whereas men did not. Only women displayed imitative responses, when all exposure times were included in the analysis. No gender differences were detected at the subliminal or borderliminal exposures, but at the supraliminal exposure gender differences were found in imitation as well as in emotional contagion. Women showed correlations between their facial responses and their reported hedonic tone to a greater extent than men. The results were interpreted in terms of gender differences in emotion regulation, rather than as differences in biologically prepared emotional reactivity.
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| 5. |
- Sonnby-Borgström, Marianne, et al.
(författare)
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Gender Differences in Facial Imitation and Verbally Reported Emotional Contagion from Spontaneous to Emotionally Regulated Processing Levels
- 2008
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Blackwell Munksgaard. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 49:2, s. 111-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies on gender differences in facial imitation and verbally reported emotional contagion have investigated emotional responses to pictures of facial expressions at supraliminal exposure times. The aim of the present study was to investigate how gender differences are related to different exposure times, representing information processing levels from subliminal (spontaneous) to supraliminal (emotionally regulated). Further, the study aimed at exploring correlations between verbally reported emotional contagion and facial responses for men and women. Masked pictures of angry, happy and sad facial expressions were presented to 102 participants (51 men) at exposure times from subliminal (23 ms) to clearly supraliminal (2500 ms). Myoelectric activity (EMG) from the corrugator and the zygomaticus was measured and the participants reported their hedonic tone (verbally reported emotional contagion) after stimulus exposures. The results showed an effect of exposure time on gender differences in facial responses as well as in verbally reported emotional contagion. Women amplified imitative responses towards happy vs. angry faces and verbally reported emotional contagion with prolonged exposure times, whereas men did not. No gender differences were detected at the subliminal or borderliminal exposure times, but at the supraliminal exposure gender differences were found in imitation as well as in verbally reported emotional contagion. Women showed correspondence between their facial responses and their verbally reported emotional contagion to a greater extent than men. The results were interpreted in terms of gender differences in emotion regulation, rather than as differences in biologically prepared emotional reactivity.
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| 6. |
- Sonnby-Borgström, Marianne, et al.
(författare)
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Imitative responses and verbally reported emotional contagion from spontaneous, unconscious to emotionally regulated, conscious information-processing levels
- 2008
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Ingår i: Neuro-Psychoanalysis. - : H. Karnac Ltd.. - 1529-4145. ; 10:1, s. 81-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first aim of the study was to investigate whether facial imitative responses and subjective experiences of emotional contagion (self-reported hedonic tone) can be evoked as a result of unconscious information processing or whether these responses rely on conscious, interpretative processing. As a second aim, the correspondence between the participants’ self-reported hedonic tone and the magnitude of their facial responses was investigated. The third aim was to explore how increased involvement of conscious processing (longer exposure times) influenced facial imitative responses, self-reported hedonic tone, and the correspondence between these responses. Information-processing levels from unconscious (17–23 ms) to conscious (2,500 ms) levels were induced by successively prolonged presentations of facial stimuli. The 102 participants were exposed to masked pictures of happy, angry, and sad facial expressions. Facial responses (EMG) and self-reports of hedonic tone were measured after facial stimuli exposures. Verbally reported emotional contagion and zygomaticus imitative responses were observed at the subliminal exposure level, as well as correlations between these responses. These results were interpreted as being in line with a spontaneous, unconscious process involved in imitation and the subjective experiences of emotional contagion. Correlations between the participants’ magnitude of facial responses and their degree of emotional contagion were found at all exposure levels, from subliminal to clearly supraliminal levels of exposure. At the supraliminal exposure, 26 of the participants responded with inverted zygomaticus responses (“smiles”) toward angry expressions, a response that may be interpreted as a defensive response.
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| 7. |
- Tunestål, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Hydrogen Addition For Improved Lean Burn Capability of Slow and Fast Burning Natural Gas Combustion Chambers
- 2002
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Ingår i: SAE Special Publications. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0099-5908. ; 2002:1725, s. 21-32
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One way to extend the lean-burn limit of a natural gas engine is by addition of hydrogen to the primary fuel. This paper presents measurements made on a one-cylinder, 1.6- liter natural gas engine. Two combustion chambers, one slow and one fast burning, were tested with various amounts of hydrogen (0, 5, 10 and 15%-vol) added to natural gas. Three operating points were investigated for each combustion chamber and each hydrogen content level; idle, part load (5 bar IMEP) and 13 bar IMEP (simulated turbocharging). Air/fuel ratio was varied between stoichiometric and the lean limit. For each operating point, a range of ignition timings were tested to find maximum brake torque (MBT) and/or knock. Heat-release rate calculations were made in order to assess the influence of hydrogen addition on burn rate. Addition of hydrogen showed an increase in burn rate for both combustion chambers, resulting in more stable combustion close to the lean limit. This effect was most pronounced for lean operation with the slow combustion chamber.
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