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| 2. |
- Jacoby, Nori, et al.
(författare)
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Commonality and variation in mental representations of music revealed by a cross-cultural comparison of rhythm priors in 15 countries
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Human Behaviour. - : Springer Nature. - 2397-3374. ; 8:5, s. 846-877
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Music is present in every known society but varies from place to place. What, if anything, is universal to music cognition? We measured a signature of mental representations of rhythm in 39 participant groups in 15 countries, spanning urban societies and Indigenous populations. Listeners reproduced random ‘seed’ rhythms; their reproductions were fed back as the stimulus (as in the game of ‘telephone’), such that their biases (the prior) could be estimated from the distribution of reproductions. Every tested group showed a sparse prior with peaks at integer-ratio rhythms. However, the importance of different integer ratios varied across groups, often reflecting local musical practices. Our results suggest a common feature of music cognition: discrete rhythm ‘categories’ at small-integer ratios. These discrete representations plausibly stabilize musical systems in the face of cultural transmission but interact with culture-specific traditions to yield the diversity that is evident when mental representations are probed across many cultures.
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- Jacoby, Wolfgang R., et al.
(författare)
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Temporal Gravity Variations near Shrinking Vatnajokull Ice Cap, Iceland
- 2009
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Ingår i: Pure and Applied Geophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0033-4553 .- 1420-9136. ; 166:8-9, s. 1283-1302
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Repeated gravity measurements were carried out from 1991 until 1999 at sites SE of Vatnajokull, Iceland, to estimate the mass flow and deformation accompanying the shrinking of the ice cap. Published GPS data show an uplift of about 13 +/- A 5 mm/a near the ice margin. A gravity decrease of -2 +/- A 1 mu Gal/a relative to the Hofn base station, was observed for the same sites. Control measurements at the Hofn station showed a gravity decrease of -2 +/- A 0.5 A mu Gal/a relative to the station RVIK 5473 at Reykjavik (about 250 km from Hofn). This is compatible, as a Bouguer effect, with a 10 +/- A 3 mm/a uplift rate of the IGS point at Hofn and an uplift rate of similar to 20 mm/a near the ice margin. Although the derived gravity change rates at individual sites have large uncertainties, the ensemble of the rates varies systematically and significantly with distance from the ice. The relationship between gravity and elevation changes and the shrinking ice mass is modelled as response to the loading history. The GPS data can be explained by 1-D modelling (i.e., an earth model with a 15-km thick elastic lithosphere and a 7 center dot 10(17) Pa center dot s asthenosphere viscosity), but not the gravity data. Based on 2-D modelling, the gravity data favour a low-viscosity plume in the form of a cylinder of 80 km radius and 10(17) to 10(18) Pa center dot s viscosity below a 6 km-thick elastic lid, embedded in a layered PREM-type earth, although the elevation data are less well explained by this model. Strain-porosity-hydrology effects are likely to enhance the magnitude of the gravity changes, but need verification by drilling. More accurate data may resolve the discrepancies or suggest improved models.
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| 4. |
- Ozaki, Yuto, et al.
(författare)
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Globally, songs and instrumental melodies are slower and higher and use more stable pitches than speech: A Registered Report
- 2024
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - 2375-2548. ; 10:20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Both music and language are found in all known human societies, yet no studies have compared similarities and differences between song, speech, and instrumental music on a global scale. In this Registered Report, we analyzed two global datasets: (i) 300 annotated audio recordings representing matched sets of traditional songs, recited lyrics, conversational speech, and instrumental melodies from our 75 coauthors speaking 55 languages; and (ii) 418 previously published adult-directed song and speech recordings from 209 individuals speaking 16 languages. Of our six preregistered predictions, five were strongly supported: Relative to speech, songs use (i) higher pitch, (ii) slower temporal rate, and (iii) more stable pitches, while both songs and speech used similar (iv) pitch interval size and (v) timbral brightness. Exploratory analyses suggest that features vary along a “musi-linguistic” continuum when including instrumental melodies and recited lyrics. Our study provides strong empirical evidence of cross-cultural regularities in music and speech.
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- Taylor, Susan, et al.
(författare)
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Haptic exploratory procedures of children and youth with and without cerebral palsy
- 2019
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Ingår i: Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0194-2638 .- 1541-3144. ; 39:3, s. 337-351
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: Compare haptic exploratory procedures (EPs) and exploratory movements (EMs) of children. This study also tested the interrater reliability of a novel digital recording method.Methods: Participants were 31 children with typical development (TD) (aged 6 years 1 month to 15 years 9 months; 14 male) and 23 children with spastic unilateral cerebral palsy (CP) (aged 6 years to 15 years 5 months; 13 males; right hemiplegia, n = 12).Results: There were no statistically significant differences between groups for expected EP (p =.15), additional EPs (p =.78), or EMs (p =.69) but there was for mean duration of exploration (p <.001) and accuracy (p <.001). This suggests that although children with CP performed similar haptic EPs for each object as children with TD, they took more time and were less accurate in their identification. There was substantial agreement between the two raters' observations of expected EP, κ =.64, p <.0005.Conclusion: Children with CP performed similar haptic EPs as their TD peers. However, despite similarities, the results indicate that for children with CP manual ability was not the primary determinant of accuracy or speed of identification. This study provides evidence for a reliable method of recording haptic EPs.
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