| 1. |
- Bai, Shi, et al.
(författare)
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Contiguous binding of decylsulfate on the interface-binding surface of pancreatic phospholipase A2
- 2008
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Ingår i: Biochemistry. - : ACS. - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 47:9, s. 2899-2907
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pig pancreatic IB phospholipase A(2) (PLA2) forms three distinguishable premicellar E-i(#) (i = 1, 2, and 3) complexes at successively higher decylsulfate concentrations. The Hill coefficient for E-1(#) is n(1) = 1.6, and n(2) and n(3) for E-2(#) and E-3(#) are about 8 each. Saturation-transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other complementary results with PLA2 show that decylsulfate molecules in E-2(#) and E-3(#) are contiguously and cooperatively clustered on the interface-binding surface or i-face that makes contact with the substrate interface. In these complexes, the saturation-transfer difference NMR signatures of H-1 in decylsulfate are different. The decylsulfate epitope for the successive E, complexes increasingly resembles the micellar complex formed by the binding of PLA2 to preformed micelles. Contiguous cooperative amphiphile binding is predominantly driven by the hydrophobic effect with a modest electrostatic shielding of the sulfate head group in contact with PLA2. The formation of the complexes is also associated with structural change in the enzyme. Calcium affinity of E-2(#) appears to be modestly lower than that of the free enzyme and Ell. Binding of decylsulfate to the i-face does not require the catalytic calcium required for the substrate binding to the active site and for the chemical step. These results show that E-i(#) complexes are useful to structurally characterize the cooperative sequential and contiguous binding of amphiphiles on the i-face. We suggest that the allosteric changes associated with the formation of discrete E-i(#) complexes are surrogates for the catalytic and allosteric states of the interface activated PLA2.
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| 2. |
- Berg, Otto, et al.
(författare)
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Cooperative binding of monodisperse anionic amphiphiles to the i-Face : Phospholipase A2-paradigm for interfacial binding
- 2004
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Ingår i: Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 43:25, s. 7999-8013
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Equilibrium parameters for the binding of monodisperse alkyl sulfate along the i-face (the interface binding surface) of pig pancreatic IB phospholipase A2 (PLA2) to form the premicellar complexes (Ei#) are characterized to discern the short-range specific interactions. Typically, Ei# complexes are reversible on dilution. The triphasic binding isotherm, monitored as the fluorescence emission from the single tryptophan of PLA2, is interpreted as a cooperative equilibrium for the sequential formation of three premicellar complexes (Ei#, i = 1, 2, 3). In the presence of calcium, the dissociation constant K1 for the E1# complex of PLA2 with decyl sulfate (CMC = 4500 μM) is 70 μM with a Hill coefficient n1 = 2.1 ± 0.2; K2 for E2# is 750 μM with n2 = 8 ± 1, and K3 for E3# is 4000 μM with an n3 value of about 12. Controls show that (a) self-aggregation of decyl sulfate alone is not significant below the CMC; (b) occupancy of the active site is not necessary for the formation of Ei#; (c) Ki and ni do not change significantly due to the absence of calcium, possibly because alkyl sulfate does not bind to the active site of PLA2; (d) the Ei# complexes show a significant propensity for aggregation; and (e) PLA2 is not denatured in Ei#. The results are interpreted to elaborate the model for atomic level interactions along the i-face: The chain length dependence of the fit parameters suggests that short-range specific anion binding of the headgroup is accompanied by desolvation of the i-face of Ei#. We suggest that allosteric activation of PLA2 results from such specific interactions of the amphiplies and the desolvation of the i-face. The significance of these primary interfacial binding events and the coexistence of the E* and Ei# aggregates is discussed.
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| 3. |
- Berg, Otto G., et al.
(författare)
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Thermodynamic Reciprocity of the Inhibitor Binding to the Active Site and the Interface Binding Region of IB Phospholipase A2
- 2009
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Ingår i: Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 48:14, s. 3209-3218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interfacial activation of pig pancreatic IB phospholipase A(2) (PLA2) is modeled in terms of the three discrete premicellar complexes (E-i(#), i = 1, 2, or 3) consecutively formed by the cooperative binding of a monodisperse amphiphile to the i-face (the interface binding region of the enzyme) without or with an occupied active site. Monodisperse PCU, the sn-2-amide analogue of the zwitterionic substrate, is a competitive inhibitor. PCU cooperatively binds to the i-face to form premicellar complexes ((E) over tilde (i), i = 1 or 2) and also binds to the active site of the premicellar complexes in the presence of calcium. In the (E) over tilde I-i complex formed in the presence of PCU and calcium, one inhibitor molecule is bound to the active site and a number of others are bound to the i-face. The properties of the (E) over tilde (i) complexes with PCU are qualitatively similar to those of E-i(#) formed with decylsulfate. Decylsulfate binds to the i-face but does not bind to the active site in the presence of calcium, nor does it interfere with the binding of PCU to the active site in the premicellar complexes. Due to the strong coupling between binding at the i-face and at the active site, it is difficult to estimate the primary binding constants for each site in these complexes. A model is developed that incorporates the above boundary conditions in relation to a detailed balance between the complexes. A key result is that a modest effect on cooperative amphiphile binding corresponds to a large change in the affinity of the inhibitor for the active site. We suggest that besides the binding to the active site, PCU also binds to another site and that full activation requires additional amphiphiles on the i-face. Thus, the activation of the inhibitor binding to the active site of the E-2(#) complex or, equivalently, the shift in the E-1(#) to E-2(#) equilibrium by the inhibitor is analogous to the allosteric activation of the substrate binding to the enzyme bound to the interface.
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| 4. |
- Berg, Otto, et al.
(författare)
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Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C forms different complexes with monodisperse and micellar phosphatidylcholine
- 2004
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Ingår i: Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 43:7, s. 2080-2090
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) from Bacillus cereus forms a premicellar complex E# with monodisperse diheptanoylphosphatidylcholine (DC7PC) that is distinguishable from the E* complex formed with micelles. Results are interpreted with the assumption that in both cases amphiphiles bind to the interfacial binding surface (i-face) of PI-PLC but not to the active site. Isothermal calorimetry and fluorescence titration results for the binding of monodisperse DC7PC give an apparent dissociation constant of K2 = 0.2 mM with Hill coefficient of 2. The gel-permeation, spectroscopic, and probe partitioning behaviors of E# are distinct from those of the E* complex. The aggregation and partitioning behaviors suggest that the acyl chains in E# but not in E* remain exposed to the aqueous phase. The free (E) and complexed (E# and E*) forms of PI-PLC, each with distinct spectroscopic signatures, readily equilibrate with changing DC7PC concentration. The underlying equilibria are modeled and their significance for the states of the PI-PLC under monomer kinetic conditions is discussed to suggest that the Michaelis−Menten complex formed with monodisperse DC7PC is likely to be E#S or its aggregate rather than the classical monodisperse ES complex.
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| 5. |
- Cajal, Yolanda, et al.
(författare)
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Origins of delays in monolayer kinetics : Phospholipase A2 paradigm
- 2004
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Ingår i: Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 43:28, s. 9256-9264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interfacial kinetic paradigm is adopted to model the kinetic behavior of pig pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) at the monolayer interface. A short delay of about a minute to the onset of the steady state is observed under all monolayer reaction progress conditions, including the PLA2-catalyzed hydrolysis of didecanoylphosphatidyl-choline (PC10) and -glycerol (PG10) monolayers as analyzed in this paper. This delay is independent of enzyme concentration and surface pressure and is attributed to the equilibration time by stationary diffusion of the enzyme added to the stirred subphase to the monolayer through the intervening unstirred aqueous layer. The longer delays of up to several hours, seen with the PC10 monolayers at >15 mN/m, are influenced by surface pressure as well as enzyme concentration. Virtually all features of the monolayer reaction progress are consistent with the assumption that the product accumulates in the substrate monolayer, although the products alone do not spread as a compressible monolayer. These results rule out models that invoke slow “activation” of PLA2 on the monolayer. The observed steady-state rate on monolayers after the delays is <1% of the rate observed with micellar or vesicles substrates of comparable substrate. Together these results suggest that the monolayer steady-state rate includes contributions from steps other than those of the interfacial turnover cycle. Additional considerations that provide understanding of the pre-steady-state behaviors and other nonideal effects at the surface are also discussed.
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| 6. |
- Yu, Bao-Zhu, et al.
(författare)
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Allosteric Effect of Amphiphile Binding to Phospholipase A2
- 2009
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Ingår i: Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 48:14, s. 3219-3229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the preceding paper, we showed that the formation of the second premicellar complex of pig pancreatic IB phospholipase A2 (PLA2) can be considered a proxy for interface-activated substrate binding. Here we show that this conclusion is supported by results from premicellar;E-i(#) (i = 1, 2, or 3) complexes with a wide range of mutants of PLA2. Results also show a structural bass-for the correlated functional changes during the formation of E-2(#), and this is interpreted as an allosteric T (inactive) to R (active) transition. For example, the dissociation constant K-2(#) for decylsulfate bound to E-2(#) is lower at lower pH, at higher calcium concentrations, or with an inhibitor bound to the active site. Also, the lower limits of the K-2(#) values are comparable under these conditions. The pH-dependent increase in K-2(#) with a pK(a) of 6.5 is attributed to E71 which participates in the binding of the second calcium which in turn influences the enzyme binding to phosphatidylcholine interface. Most mutants exhibited kinetic and spectroscopic behavior that is comparable to that of native PLA2 and Delta PLA2 with a deleted 62-66 loop. However, the Delta Y52L substitution mutant cannot undergo the calcium-, pH-, or interface-dependent changes. We suggest that the Y52L substitution impairs the R to T transition and also hinders the approach of the Michaelis complex to the transition state. This allosteric change may be mediated by the structural motifs that connect the D48-D99 catalytic diad, the substrate-binding slot, and the residues of the i-face. Our interpretation is that the 57-72 loop and the H48DNCY52 segment of PLA2 are involved in transmitting the effect of the cooperative amphiphile binding to the i-face as a structural change in the active site.
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| 7. |
- Yu, Bao-Zhu, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Guggulsterone and Cembranoids of Commiphora mukul on Pancreatic Phospholipase A(2) : Role in Hypocholesterolemia
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of natural products (Print). - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0163-3864 .- 1520-6025. ; 72:1, s. 24-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Guggulsterone (7) and cembranoids (8-12) from Commiphora mukul stem bark resin guggul were shown to be specific modulators of two independent sites that are also modulated by bile salts (1-6) to control cholesterol absorption and catabolism. Guggulsterone (7) antagonized the chenodeoxycholic acid (3)-activated nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which regulates cholesterol metabolism in the liver. The cembranoids did not show a noticeable effect on FXR, but lowered the cholate (I)-activated rate of human pancreatic 113 phospholipase A2 (hPLA2), which controls gastrointestinal absorption of fat and cholesterol. Analysis of the data using a kinetic model has suggested an allosteric mechanism for the rate increase of hPLA2 by cholate and also for the rate-lowering effect by certain bile salts or cembranoids on the cholate-activated hPLA2 hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The allosteric inhibition of PLA2 by certain bile salts and cembranoids showed some structural specificity. Biophysical studies also showed specific interaction of the bile salts with the interface-bound cholate-activated PLA2. Since cholesterol homeostasis in mammals is regulated by FXR in the liver for metabolism and by PLA2 in the intestine for absorption, modulation of PLA2 and FXR by bile acids and selected guggul components suggests novel possibilities for hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic therapies.
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| 8. |
- Yu, Bao-Zhu, et al.
(författare)
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Role of 57-72 loop in the allosteric action of bile salts on pancreatic IB phospholipase A(2) : Regulation of fat and cholesterol homeostasis
- 2007
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Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes. - : Elsevier BV. - 0005-2736 .- 1879-2642. ; 1768:10, s. 2478-2490
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mono- and biphasic kinetic effects of bile salts on the pancreatic IB phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzed interfacial hydrolysis are characterized. This novel phenomenon is modeled as allosteric action of bile salts with PLA2 at the interface. The results and controls also show that these kinetic effects are not due to surface dilution or solubilization or disruption of the bilayer interface where in the mixed-micelles substrate replenishment becomes the rate-limiting step. The PLA2-catalyzed rate of hydrolysis of zwitterionic dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles depends on the concentration and structure of the bile salt. The sigmoidal rate increase with cholate saturates at 0.06 mole fraction and changes little at the higher mole fractions. Also, with the rate-lowering bile salts (B), such as taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDOC), the initial sigmoidal rate increase at lower mole fraction is followed by nearly complete reversal to the rate at the pre-activation level at higher mole fractions. The rate-lowering effect of TCDOC is not observed with the (62–66)-loop deleted ΔPLA2, or with the Naja venom PLA2 that is evolutionarily devoid of the loop. The rate increase is modeled with the assumption that the binding of PLA2 to DMPC interface is cooperatively promoted by bile salt followed by allosteric kcat-activation of the bound enzyme by the anionic interface. The rate-lowering effect of bile salts is attributed to the formation of a specific catalytically inert EB complex in the interface, which is noticeably different than the 1:1 EB complex in the aqueous phase. The cholate-activated rate of hydrolysis is lowered by hypolidemic ezetimibe and guggul extract which are not interfacial competitive inhibitors of PLA2. We propose that the biphasic modulation of the pancreatic PLA2 activity by bile salts regulates gastrointestinal fat metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis.
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