| 1. |
- Almén, Niclas, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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The reliability and factorial validity of different versions of the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure/Questionnaire and normative data for a general Swedish sample
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Stress Management. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1072-5245 .- 1573-3424. ; 28:4, s. 314-325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Burnout is a common problem in many countries and is associated with psychological ill health, somatic diseases, mortality and long-term sick leave. Different versions of the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire/Measure (SMBQ/SMBM) are widely used to measure burnout. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the main purpose of the present study was to empirically evaluate different Swedish versions of the SMBQ/SMBM. A questionnaire containing 23 SMBQ/SMBM-items was sent to 4,000 randomly selected individuals of which 765 with no missing data were included in the analyses. The well-used 4-factor SMBQ/SMBM-22 including the factors emotional and physiological exhaustion (EPE), cognitive weariness (CWE), listlessness (LIS), and tension (TES) and the 3-factor SMBQ/SMBM-18 (including the EPE, the CWE, and the LIS) reached good model fit after minor modifications. Two 2-factor models (based on 12 and 11 items, respectively), including the EPE and the CWE reached good model fit without any modifications. Even though there were some concerns regarding all models with respect to discriminant validity, the factors in all models showed evidence of good composite reliability (CR) and convergent validity. Lastly, a brief six-item version of the scale based on the 12-item version of the scale indicated an excellent model fit, and the composite score of the six-item scale correlated strongly with the composite scores from the others models, suggesting that the brief version could be used with advantage. In addition, based on the LIS, a new three-item scale that measures vitality is proposed. For all measures, normative data are reported.
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| 2. |
- Almén, Niclas, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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The reliability and factorial validity of the Swedish version of the Recovery Experience Questionnaire
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nordic Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1901-2276 .- 1904-0016. ; 70:4, s. 324-333
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent research has indicated that recovery from work stress and effort might be crucial for health and well-being. Thus, a valid measurement of recovery becomes important. The main purpose of the present study was to empirically evaluate and seeking support for the hypothesized four-factor model of the Swedish version of Recovery Experience Questionnaire (REQ). The total sample (N = 680) was randomly split into two subsamples. The first subsample was used for finding the best-fitting model using an exploratory factor analysis and the second subsample was used to test the a priori model using confirmatory factor analysis. The results support the proposed four-factor structure of the scale for both males and females. Additionally, apart from high reliability estimates, this instrument proved to have good convergent and discriminant validity for all four factors. Implications for the use of the REQ in conjunction with recovery-focused interventions were discussed, as were limitations such as low response rate.
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| 3. |
- Almén, Niclas, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of the new brief 6-item version of the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cogent Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2331-1908. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire/Measure (SMBQ/M) is one of the most commonly used measures of burnout. Using confirmatory factor analyses, the present study aimed to evaluate the model fit, composite reliability, and factorial (i.e. convergent and discriminant) validity of the new brief Swedish version of the scale-labeled SMBM-6. In addition, we used Cronbach’s α as an indicator of the internal consistency of the total scale. The SMBM-6 consists of two subscales: the emotional and physiological exhaustion subscale (three items) and the cognitive weariness subscale (three items). A total of 1251 teachers in Sweden were included in the study. The analyses showed that the Swedish version of the SMBM-6 has an excellent model fit and good convergent validity. The discriminant validity for the cognitive weariness subscale was good, but slightly inadequate for the physiological exhaustion subscale. Composite reliability and Cronbach’s α indicated high internal consistency for the subscales and the total scale, respectively. Multi-group invariance tests for age indicated no violation of invariance. These results are consistent with those of the study by Almén and Jansson (2021), in which the SMBM-6 was developed, and a subsequent psychometric study by Sundström et al. (2022). In conclusion, there is strong support for the Swedish version of the SMBM-6 as a reliable and valid scale for measuring burnout. Testing the scale in languages other than Swedish is warranted.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Lina J. K.
(författare)
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An Exploration of the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), Response Inhibition, and Possible Implications in Sports
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Large parts of human behaviors are oriented towards achieving a particular goal. Motivational factors in the form of approach and avoidance motivated behavior and executive functions (EFs) such as inhibition are central for goal-directed behavior. There are individual differences in the inhibition of prepotent behavior and the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) can be viewed as a neuropsychological system that has been proposed to be a personality trait that explains those individual differences. Inhibition is an EF that is involved in the control of impulses and enable us to choose how to react and behave. Sport is a context in which the cognitive demands can be high and there is a growing body of research trying to pinpoint the cognitive mechanisms behind superior athletic performance. Response inhibition is suggested to be one of the mechanisms that is of importance for performance in sport.The general aim of this thesis was to explore the BIS, response inhibition and the possible implications in sports. A theoretical framework of approach and avoidance motivation, the revised RST (Gray & McNaughton, 2000; McNaughton & Corr, 2004) was combined with a paradigm for assessment of response inhibition; the stop-signal paradigm (Logan & Cowan, 1984). In addition, different instruments for assessment of the BIS was investigated and designs of the stop-signal task for assessment of response inhibition was used. Study I and III aimed to examine the relationship between response inhibition and the BIS. Study I used a sample of non-athletes and Study III used a sample of non-athletes, and athletes from two different interceptive sports, biathlon and alpine skiing. The aim of Study II was to test the factor structure of a Swedish version of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST – PQ; Corr & Cooper, 2016). The results from Study I indicated that when the ability to inhibit prepotent response and behavioral precision (i.e., accuracy) is central for task performance, higher levels of BIS could be a vulnerability factor when the individual’s inhibitory ability simultaneously is poor. Due to ceiling effects in the variable accuracy, this was not possible to replicate in Study III. The results in Study II suggest that the RST-PQ has considerable promise since it, for example, provides an opportunity to distinguish between the individual differences between fear and anxiety, although there were issues concerning the convergent validity. Study III showed that athletes with experience in interceptive sports do not outperform non-athletes on response inhibition. The implications of these results are that it is possible that other aspects than being an athlete or non-xathlete need to be considered and that individual differences in the BIS could be one of these aspects.Taken together, results from these three studies indicated that that it is possible to combine a theoretical framework of approach and avoidance motivation and a paradigm for the assessment of response inhibition, the stop-signal paradigm, with the purpose of exploring the BIS, response inhibition and possible implications in sport. It has also showed the complexity with using self-report instruments for assessment of neuropsychological systems that, in theory, underlies personality and the difficulties with using SSTs for assessment of an estimated measure (i.e., SSRT) of response inhibition. By exploring the BIS and response inhibition, this thesis offers an approach to view sport expertise and show the value of focusing on individual differences in the personality trait BIS since, at least theoretically, the BIS has the potential to serve as an explanation for variations in response inhibition and the possible association with behavioral precision (i.e., accuracy).
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| 5. |
- Eriksson, Lina J. K., et al.
(författare)
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Exploring Response Inhibition, the Behavioral Inhibition System and Possible Sex Differences in Athletes and Non-Athletes
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 20:14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The objective of this study was to revisit the question concerning whether athletes are better than non-athletes at fundamental cognitive abilities, such as inhibitory control, in addition to also focusing on motivational dispositions and possible sex differences. Adding the latter could be crucial since both inhibitory control and motivational dispositions, such as approach and avoidance, are central to goal-directed behavior. Methods: This study’s sample was composed of 93 participants (40 males): 29 biathletes; 30 alpine skiers; and 34 non-athletes. A non-sport-specific stop-signal task was used for the assessment of inhibitory control in terms of response inhibition, and the motivational dispositions were assessed with the BIS/BAS scales. Results: The results showed that there were no differences between the two different sports or non-athletes with regard to response inhibition. However, females showed significantly slower response inhibition than males (p = 0.018) and scored significantly higher on the trait variable BIS (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that it might be meaningful to explore the contribution of sex differences and motivational dispositions on response inhibition in conjunction with different types of sports.
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| 6. |
- Eriksson, Lina J. K., et al.
(författare)
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Psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality questionnaire
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nordic Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1901-2276 .- 1904-0016. ; 71:2, s. 134-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality questionnaire (RST-PQ) is based on a theoretical analysis of the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory. Using a Swedish sample stratified by age and gender, the aim of this study was to test the six-factor structure of a Swedish version of the RST-PQ. Further, we examined the convergent and discriminant validity of the questionnaire. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Swedish version did not fully provide support for the six-factor structure. An attempt to improve the model fit resulted in a significantly better model fit for a six-factor structure containing 52 items. Issues concerning the convergent validity were found, as indicated by all six factors having more than 50% of the variance due to error. The discriminant validity was satisfactory for all factors, except for goal-drive persistence and reward interest, which were highly correlated. This indicates a non-independence between these two factors in the model. Nevertheless, the RST-PQ has considerable promise and more emphasis should be put on investigating the convergent validity by using for example broader samples, stratified by country of origin, age, and gender.
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| 7. |
- Esteves, Francisco, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Body dissatisfaction and attentional processing
- 2019
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Ingår i: Libro de Actas. - Granada : Asociación Española de Psicología Conductual. - 9788409020959 ; , s. 266-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body dissatisfaction is an important factor in the development and maintenance ofeating disorders. The comparison with the thin ideal prevalent in different mediachannels, can be one of the factors that contribute to widespread of dissatisfaction withthe own body. Thus, even people not meeting the criteria for eating disorders, mightshow a very problematic way to cope with their body and food intake. The present studyaimed to investigate the attentional pattern evoked when young women were exposed topictures of female bodies varying in their body shape.Eighty-one women, aged 18 to 37 years, viewed a series of pictures, each onecontaining four photos of women. The photos were generated and manipulated digitallyin order to get different body shapes, ranging from a slim to a heavy body shape. Thephotos were exposed in a 2x2 array during 4 seconds. Body Shape Questionnaire wasused to divide participants into two groups; high and low body dissatisfaction. Thedirection and fixation of the gaze were recorded continuously by means of an eyetracker.In general, an attentional bias in the body dissatisfaction group was observed, i.e.,women looked longer to the slimmest picture in the array. Women in the control group(low body dissatisfaction) showed distributed attention to the four body shapes.These results suggest promising possibilities of using ocular tracking tests in the earlydetection of symptoms associated with eating disorders, and perhaps possibilities ofimproving clinical and preventive interventions.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Hagevi, Ossian, et al.
(författare)
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The psychological wellbeing within the veterinary profession in Sweden
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1555-5240 .- 1555-5259.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The veterinary profession seems to be particularly affected by mental health problems than other occupational groups, primarily a consequence of exposure to various sources of psychological distress that is common within the profession (e.g., euthanasia administration, and client interactions). This article is the first to investigate the association between work-specific factors and wellbeing in the veterinary profession in Sweden. A cross-sectional survey sampled 280 (256 females) Sweden-registered veterinarians and nurses (235 veterinarians, 45 veterinary nurses). Multiple platforms and methods were used to increase diversity and inclusiveness in the sample. In this study, we investigated the associations between psychological wellbeing by including variables from several studies that have previously been associated with decreased wellbeing within the veterinary profession in order to get a more comprehensive picture of factors that may contribute to increased risk of mental illness. Results showed that, after adjusting for the influence of psychosocial working environment factors, except for variables related to euthanasia which were not associated with decreased wellbeing, measures indexing difficult client interactions were, on the other hand, associated with decreased wellbeing. Thus, negative experiences from client interactions suggest that these could be candidates for the development and maintenance of poor wellbeing among individuals within the veterinary profession. This research can potentially assist in designing more targeted intervention studies and serve educational purposes for both staff and future professionals.
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| 10. |
- Hautle, Lara-Lynn, et al.
(författare)
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Individuals with and without child maltreatment experiences are evaluated similarly and do not differ in facial affect display at zero- and first-acquaintance
- 2023
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Ingår i: Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation. - 2051-6673. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundIndividuals with a history of child maltreatment (CM) are more often disliked, rejected and victimized compared to individuals without such experiences. However, contributing factors for these negative evaluations are so far unknown.ObjectiveBased on previous research on adults with borderline personality disorder (BPD), this preregistered study assessed whether negative evaluations of adults with CM experiences, in comparison to unexposed controls, are mediated by more negative and less positive facial affect display. Additionally, it was explored whether level of depression, severity of CM, social anxiety, social support, and rejection sensitivity have an influence on ratings.MethodsForty adults with CM experiences (CM +) and 40 non-maltreated (CM-) adults were filmed for measurement of affect display and rated in likeability, trustworthiness, and cooperativeness by 100 independent raters after zero-acquaintance (no interaction) and 17 raters after first-acquaintance (short conversation).ResultsThe CM + and the CM- group were neither evaluated significantly different, nor showed significant differences in affect display. Contrasting previous research, higher levels of BPD symptoms predicted higher likeability ratings (p = .046), while complex post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms had no influence on ratings.ConclusionsThe non-significant effects could be attributed to an insufficient number of participants, as our sample size allowed us to detect effects with medium effect sizes (f(2) = .16 for evaluation; f(2) = .17 for affect display) with a power of .95. Moreover, aspects such as the presence of mental disorders (e.g., BPD or post-traumatic stress disorder), might have a stronger impact than CM per se. Future research should thus further explore conditions (e.g., presence of specific mental disorders) under which individuals with CM are affected by negative evaluations as well as factors that contribute to negative evaluations and problems in social relationships.
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