| 1. |
- Aikens, Ellen O., et al.
(författare)
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Wave-like Patterns of Plant Phenology Determine Ungulate Movement Tactics
- 2020
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Ingår i: Current Biology. - Cambridge : Cell Press. - 0960-9822 .- 1879-0445. ; 30:17, s. 3444-3449
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Animals exhibit a diversity of movement tactics [1]. Tracking resources that change across space and time is predicted to be a fundamental driver of animal movement [2]. For example, some migratory ungulates (i.e., hooved mammals) closely track the progression of highly nutritious plant green-up, a phenomenon called "green-wave surfing" [3-5]. Yet general principles describing how the dynamic nature of resources determine movement tactics are lacking [6]. We tested an emerging theory that predicts surfing and the existence of migratory behavior will be favored in environments where green-up is fleeting and moves sequentially across large landscapes (i.e., wave-like green-up) [7]. Landscapes exhibiting wave-like patterns of green-up facilitated surfing and explained the existence of migratory behavior across 61 populations of four ungulate species on two continents (n = 1,696 individuals). At the species level, foraging benefits were equivalent between tactics, suggesting that each movement tactic is fine-tuned to local patterns of plant phenology. For decades, ecologists have sought to understand how animals move to select habitat, commonly defining habitat as a set of static patches [8, 9]. Our findings indicate that animal movement tactics emerge as a function of the flux of resources across space and time, underscoring the need to redefine habitat to include its dynamic attributes. As global habitats continue to be modified by anthropogenic disturbance and climate change [10], our synthesis provides a generalizable framework to understand how animal movement will be influenced by altered patterns of resource phenology.© 2020 Elsevier Inc.
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| 2. |
- Allen, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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The impacts of landscape structure on the winter movements and habitat selection of female red deer
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 60, s. 411-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An area of research that has recently gained more attention is to understand how species respond to environmental change such as the landscape structure and fragmentation. Movement is crucial to select habitats but the landscape structure influences the movement patterns of animals. Characterising the movement characteristics, utilisation distribution (UD) and habitat selection of a single species in different landscapes can provide important insights into species response to changes in the landscape. We investigate these three fields in female red deer (Cervus elaphus) in southern Sweden, in order to understand how landscape structure influences their movement and feeding patterns. Movements are compared between two regions, one dominated by a fragmented agriculture-forest mosaic and the other by managed homogenous forest. Red deer in the agriculture-dominated landscape had larger UDs compared to those in the forest-dominated area, moved larger distances between feeding and resting and left cover later in the day but used a similar duration for their movements, suggesting faster travelling speeds between resting and feeding locations. The habitat selection patterns of red deer indicate a trade-off between forage and cover, selecting for habitats that provide shelter during the day and forage by night. However, the level of trade-off, mediated through movement and space use patterns, is influenced by the landscape structure. Our approach provides further understanding of the link between individual animal space use and changing landscapes and can be applied to many species able to carry tracking devices.
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| 5. |
- Bonnot, Nadège, et al.
(författare)
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Who’s afraid of the big bad wolf? : Variation in the stress response among personalities and populations in a large wild herbivore
- 2018
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Ingår i: Oecologia. - Amsterdam : Springer. - 0029-8549 .- 1432-1939. ; 188:1, s. 85-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Faced with rapid environmental changes, individuals may express different magnitude and plasticity in their response to a given stressor. However, little is known about the causes of variation in phenotypic plasticity of the stress response in wild populations. In the present study, we repeatedly captured individual roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from two wild populations in Sweden exposed to differing levels of predation pressure and measured plasma concentrations of stress-induced cortisol and behavioral docility. While controlling for the marked effects of habituation, we found clear between-population differences in the stress-induced cortisol response. Roe deer living in the area that was recently recolonized by lynx (Lynx lynx) and wolves (Canis lupus) expressed cortisol levels that were around 30% higher than roe deer in the human-dominated landscape free of large carnivores. In addition, for the first time to our knowledge, we investigated the stress-induced cortisol response in free-ranging newborn fawns and found no evidence for hypo-responsiveness during early life in this species. Indeed, stress-induced cortisol levels were of similar magnitude and differed between populations to a similar extent in both neonates and adults. Finally, at an individual level, we found that both cortisol and docility levels were strongly repeatable, and weakly negatively inter-correlated, suggesting that individuals differed consistently in how they respond to a stressor, and supporting the existence of a stress-management syndrome in roe deer. © 2018, The Author(s).
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| 6. |
- Höglund, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic variation and structure in Scandinavian red deer (Cervus elaphus) : influence of ancestry, past hunting, and restoration management
- 2013
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Ingår i: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4066 .- 1095-8312. ; 109:1, s. 43-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the 19th century, the red deer (Cervus elaphus) population in Sweden experienced a rapid decline in numbers and distribution. A small population was, however, remnant in the southernmost province (Skane) of the country, presumably corresponding to the nominate form of red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphusLinnaeus, 1758). After management, reintroductions, and supplementary release during the 20th century the Swedish C.elaphus population recovered. The recovery was partially uncontrolled, and included introductions of C.elaphus of continental origin. In northern central Sweden (Jamtland) the current C.elaphus population may stem from natural colonization from Norway and/or from specimens of Swedish origin that have escaped from enclosures. To evaluate the status of the current, partially separated populations, we investigated variation at microsatellite markers in 157 C.elaphus specimens from ten locations in Sweden and Norway. Analyses suggest that the highest-likelihood phylogenetic structure among the individuals sampled is described four distinct genetic clusters: (1) animals from the province of Vastergotland in south-western Sweden; (2) deer from the southernmost province of Skane; (3) deer from the provinces Jamtland, Blekinge, and Vastmanland; and (4) Norwegian deer. Cervus elaphus from a captive herd at the Skane Zoo cluster with deer from Skane or deer from Vastergotland, depending on the method of analysis. A number of populations in Sweden may genetically match the nominate form of red deer (C.e.elaphus). The recently established C.elaphus population in Jamtland seems to stem mainly from escapees from enclosures, with a mixed ancestry from the wild remnant population in Skane and continental deer, whereas the influx from Norway is minor, if any. Our results show the need for a detailed assessment of genetic differentiation, and emphasize the value of local management plans when planning and managing introductions.
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| 9. |
- Jarnemo, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Hjortvilt i Sverige - en kunskapssammanställning
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna rapport är en kunskapssammanställning över det svenska hjortviltets utbredning, biologi, hemområdesstorlekar, rörelsemönster och mellanartsinteraktioner. Kunskapssammanställningen är del i ett underlag för en handlingsplan under utarbetande av berörda myndigheter (Jordbruksverket, Naturvårdsverket, Statens veterinärmedicinska anstalt (SVA)) med anledning av risken för spridning av avmagringssjuka (Chronic wasting disease, CWD). Rapporten sammanställdes på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket (NV-07973-17).Förekomst av älg, rådjur, kronvilt och dovvilt i Sverige har kartlagts med hjälp av statistik över avskjutning och viltolyckor. Älg och rådjur är fördelat över hela landet, där rådjuren förekommer i högre utsträckning söder om den biologiska norrlandsgränsen (Limes norrlandicus, genom södra Värmland i väster till Gästrikland i öster) jämfört med norr om denna. Kronvilt förekommer i samtliga län förutom Norrbottens och Gotlands län, men har en fläckvis utbredning med huvudsaklig utbredning i Götaland och södra Svealand. Starka populationer finns i Skåne, Kalmar län och Sörmland. Dovviltet förekommer främst i södra Sverige med tyngdpunkt i Skåne, Östergötland och Sörmland.Älgen är en solitärlevande art med undantag av kor med kalvar. Gruppbildning kan dock uppstå på platser med attraktiv föda, speciellt under vintern. Även om vandringar kan styras av viltstängsel, infrastruktur, vattendrag och topografi, finns inga absoluta barriärer i landskapet för älg. Medan älgar i södra Sverige är mer stationära, är det i Norrland vanligt med säsongsvandringar på upp till 200 km. Hemområdesstorlek kan variera kraftigt mellan olika populationer, men generellt har norrländska älgar större hemområden än de sydsvenska, med maximalvärden 29 000 ha respektive 6 000 ha. Likaså har inlandsälgar större hemområden än kustälgar i Norrland.Rådjur lever ensamma eller i små familjegrupper. Utvandringsfrekvensen är hög för båda könen. Arten verkar tämligen okänslig för olika typer av barriärer i landskapet och har en snabb spridningskapacitet. I södra Sverige rör det sig vanligen om en genomsnittlig utvandring på 1-3 km, men sträckor på upp till 100 km har observerats på Grimsö. I Norrland är utvandringsfrekvensen mycket hög och här utvandrar rådjuren längre sträckor med i genomsnitt 115-125 km med en längsta observerad utvandring på 470 km. I Syd- och Mellansverige verkar rådjurs hemområden sällan överstiga 100 ha, men man kan förvänta sig större hemområden i jordbruksdominerade landskap. I Västerbotten har hemområden på upp til 2 000 ha uppmätts. Kronvilt är grupplevande. Hindarna är trogna sitt uppväxtområde och spridningen går långsamt. Hjortarna är mer benägna att utvandra. Kronvilt är känsliga för barriärer, vilket ytterligare fördröjer spridning. Hindar i Skåne har en genomsnittlig hemområdesstorlek på 2 600 ha (max. 5 900 ha), medan hindar i Kolmården har 1 200 ha (max 1 800 ha) och hindar på Hunneberg 900 ha (max. 1 500 ha). Medan de mellansvenska hindarna verkar stationära, kan skånska hindar säsongsvandra eller pendla på avstånd upp till 25 km. Hjortarna i Kolmården och i Skåne hade vintersommarområden på i genomsnitt 3 400 ha (max. 6 600 ha) respektive 4 300 ha (max. 8 700 ha). Det är vanligt både i Kolmården och i Skåne att hjortarna säsongsvandrar mellan vinter-sommarområde och brunstområde upp till 23 respektive 47 km. Under brunsten kan hjortar också besöka två eller flera brunstlokaler belägna på avstånd upp till 18 km ifrån varandra.Dovvilt är utpräglat grupplevande och kan bilda mycket täta populationer. Spridningen till nya områden går mycket långsamt. Det verkar vanligt att unga hjortar utvandrar, medan utvandringen av hindar är låg. På Koberg har hemområden för hindar mätts till i genomsnitt 270 ha (max. 647 ha). För hjortar har hemområden på upp till 1 760 ha uppmätts. Av 18 hjortar gjorde fyra säsongsvandringar på mer än 5 km mellan brunstplats och vinter-sommarområde.Såväl habitat- som födoöverlapp kan vara stort mellan älg, rådjur, kronvilt och dovvilt. Arterna kan också ses beta i varandras närhet på fält med attraktiva grödor, liksom att de kan utnyttja samma foderplatser och detta ibland samtidigt. Aggressivt beteende från dovvilt kan dock förmå rådjur och kronvilt att dra sig undan. En negativ effekt av dovvilt på rådjur härrör troligen både från födokonkurrens och interferens.
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| 10. |
- Jarnemo, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Home range sizes of red deer in relation to habitat composition : a review and implications for management in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - Heidelberg : Springer. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 69:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge about deer spatial use is essential for damage mitigation, conservation, and harvest management. We assess annual and seasonal home range sizes in relation to habitat composition for red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Sweden, using GPS-data from two regions with different management systems. We compare our findings with reviewed data on red deer home range sizes in Europe. Annual and seasonal home ranges during calving, hunt, and winter-spring, decreased with increasing proportion forest. Female annual home ranges in a mixed agricultural-forest landscape were three times larger than in a forest-dominated landscape. Core areas (50% Kernels) were approximately 1/5 of the full annual and seasonal home ranges (95% Kernels) regardless of habitat composition. Home range size in the forest-dominated landscape showed little inter-seasonal variation. In the agricultural-forest landscape, home ranges were larger during calving, hunt, and winter-spring compared to summer and rut. In the forest-dominated landscape, management areas are large enough to cover female spatial use. In the agricultural-forest landscape, female spatial use covers several license units. Here, the coordinated license system is needed to reach trade-offs between goals of conservation, game management, and damage mitigation. Males had in general larger home ranges than females, and the majority of the males also made a seasonal migration to and from the rutting areas. The license system area in the agricultural-forest landscape is large enough to manage migrating males. In the forest landscape, a coordination of several management areas is needed to encompass male migrations. We conclude that management needs to adapt to deer spatial use in different types of landscapes to reach set goals. © 2023, The Author(s).
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