| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Lozano, Rafael, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
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| 3. |
- Murray, Christopher J. L., et al.
(författare)
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Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1995-2051
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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| 4. |
- Ershadi, Mahshid, et al.
(författare)
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Facile stitching of graphene oxide nanosheets with ethylenediamine as three dimensional anode material for lithium-ion battery
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0925-8388 .- 1873-4669. ; 818
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we employed an efficient and straightforward synthesis method for the functionalization and stitching of graphene oxide (GO) sheets with ethylenediamine (EDA). 3-D-structured GO-EDA was prepared by low reduction of the oxygen-containing functional groups of GO. The EDA was used as a nitrogen source to create the nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene), as well as a factor to control the self-assembly of graphene nanosheets into 3-D structures. The morphology, composition, and covalently grafted functional groups of GO-EDA were investigated by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and various electrochemical techniques. GO-EDA exhibits a layered structure resembling graphite, with an enhanced d-spacing of 0.373 nm compared with graphite (0.348 nm). The results showed that the porous channels of the synthesized GO-EDA facilitate the efficient transportation of lithium ions through the electrolyte-filled channels. The first discharge and charge showed specific capacities of 830.34 mAh g(-1) and 664 mAh g(-1), respectively at the current density of 100 mA g(-1), corresponding to an initial coulombic efficiency of ca. similar to 80%; superior to the GO reference (27.8%). Moreover, GO-EDA displayed improve cycling stability (maintaining a reversible capacity of similar to 300 mAh g(-1) at 200 mA g(-1) after 100 cycles). The improved electrochemical operation was ascribed to enhanced ion (Li+) transport within the graphitic layers by the increased d-spacing due to the inserted functional groups.
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| 5. |
- Ershadi, Mahshid, et al.
(författare)
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Facile Synthesis of Amino-functionalized Mesoporous Fe3O4/rGO 3D Nanocomposite by Diamine compounds as Li-ion Battery Anodes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 601
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being an essential part of lithium-ion batteries, the development of novel anode materials currently receives much attention. Among these, the high theoretical capacity of Fe3O4 (924 mAh g(-1)) makes it highly promising. However, massive volumetric changes and particle aggregation during repeated insertion/de-insertion of lithium ions damage the electrode structure and destroy the electrical connection with the current collectors, resulting in rapid and significant capacity losses. One strategy to overcome this problem is the employment of graphene-based compounds as a substrate in an interconnected porous conductive network using a crosslinker (e.g., ethylene diamine) to adjust the distance between the graphene layers. Such a 3D framework creates enough available space for the lithium ions to be inserted or de-inserted respectively to or from the electrode during the charge-discharge process. Moreover, this strategy prevents large electrode volume changes and the accumulation of Fe3O4 during cycling. Herein, an ex situ method was used to synthesize amino-functionalized mesoporous Fe3O4/graphene-based nanocomposites. In the first step, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized with the addition of ethylenediamine (EDA), whereby mesoporous Fe3O4 nanoparticles were obtained (Fe3O4-E). In the second step, Fe3O4-E/rGO nanocomposites were prepared with the help of electrostatic interactions. The Fe3O4-E/rGO nanocomposite showed good cycling performance vs. Li-metal and a high reversible capacity (similar to 465 mAh g(-1)) and average coulombic efficiency of similar to 98% after 250 cycles at the current density of 1000 mA g(-1). These promising results can be attributed to the presence of EDA in the formation of mesoporous nanoparticles and the 3D structure of the resulting composite. It prevents the fragmentation of Fe3O4 particles induced by the formation of mesoporous structures and the restacking of rGO sheets generated by adjusting the layer spacing.
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| 6. |
- Feigin, Valery L., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
- 2019
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Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 18:5, s. 459-480
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders.Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable).Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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| 7. |
- Javanbakht, Mehran, et al.
(författare)
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On-line clean-up and determination of tramadol in human plasma and urine samples using molecularly imprinted monolithic column coupling with HPLC
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of chromatography. B. - : Elsevier BV. - 1570-0232 .- 1873-376X. ; 911:12, s. 49-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The applicability of an on-line solid phase extraction method using molecularly imprinted monolithic column was developed for the assay of tramadol (TRD) in urine and plasma samples. The monolithic column was prepared by using TRD as the template, methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker and chloroform as the porogen with in situ molecular imprinting polymerization technique. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the monolithic column were evaluated. Chromatographic analysis of TRD after on-line clean-up of samples was performed by reversed-phase HPLC on an ACE column with ultraviolet detection at 218 nm. The present work was successfully applied for automated simple analysis of TRD in urine and plasma samples with high recoveries between 90.5–93.1% and 93.3–96.0%, respectively. The results revealed that in concentration up to 500 ng/mL of dextromethorphan (DEX), timolol (TMO) and O-desmethyltramadol (M1), the recoveries were not reduced more than 4.3% and 4.0% for plasma and urine samples, respectively. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) and limit of quantification (S/N = 10) for TRD in urine samples were 0.03 ng/mL and 0.10 ng/mL, and in plasma samples were 0.3 and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively. Inter-column precision of the assays (n = 3) for urine and plasma samples at the 100 ng/mL TRD level were 4.0% and 4.2%, respectively.
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| 8. |
- Moein, Mohammad Mahdi, et al.
(författare)
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A new strategy for surface modification of polysulfone membrane by in situ imprinted sol-gel method for the selective separation and screening of L-Tyrosine as a lung cancer biomarker
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Analyst. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0003-2654 .- 1364-5528. ; 140:6, s. 1939-1946
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, a novel method based on in situ molecularly imprinted sol-gel for the surface modification of a polysulfone membrane (PSM) was developed. A modified molecularly imprinted sol-gel polysulfone membrane (MSM) was placed in a homemade plastic tube and coupled on-line with LC/MS/MS for the selective extraction and screening of L-Tyrosine (Tyr) as a tentative lung cancer biomarker in human plasma samples. The existence of molecularly imprinted sol-gel layers on both sides of a PSM was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To evaluate the role of precursor in the extraction performance, repeatability, and selectivity of developed method, three precursors, 3-(propylmethacrylate) trimethoxysilane (P1), 3-(triethoxysilyl)-propylamine (P2), tetraethyl orthosilicate (P3), individually and together were used for treatment of PSM. Our investigation showed that a single precursor's route is more repeatable, straightforward, precise, accurate, and selective for the extraction of Tyr in plasma samples. Moreover, to achieve the best conditions and extraction efficiency, the effect of influential parameters, including the conditioning, washing, and elution of solvents, sample flow rate, loading time, desorption time, loading sample volume, salt effect, pH, and adsorption capacity for the most efficiently prepared membranes were truly investigated. The non-molecularly imprinted sol-gel polysulfone membrane (NSM) was prepared as a blank via the same process but in the absence of the Tyr. The LOD (S/N = 3/1) was 0.1 nmol L-1 and the LOQ (S/N = 10/1) was 0.34 nmol L-1 for Tyr in the plasma samples. The linearity for the Tyr was in the range of 0.34-2000 nmol L-1 in the plasma samples. The coefficients of determination values were >= 0.998 for all runs. The extraction recovery was between 80%-85% for Tyr in the plasma samples. In addition, MSM could be used for up to 50 extractions without a significant change in recovery percentage.
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| 9. |
- Moein, Mohammad Mahdi, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Molecularly imprinted polymer cartridges coupled on-line with high performance liquid cheomatography for simple and rapid analysis of dextromethorphan in human plasma samples
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of chromatography. B. - : Elsevier BV. - 1570-0232 .- 1873-376X. ; 879:11-12, s. 777-782
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, a novel method is described for automated determination of dextromethorphan in biological fluids using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) as a sample clean-up technique combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared using methacrylic acid as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker, chloroform as porogen and dextromethorphan as template molecule. These imprinted polymers were used as solid-phase extraction sorbent for the extraction of dextromethorphan from human plasma samples. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the MIP cartridges were evaluated. The high selectivity of the sorbent coupled to the high performance liquid chromatographic system permitted a simple and rapid analysis of this drug in plasma samples with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0.12 ng/mL and 0.35 ng/mL, respectively. The MIP selectivity was evaluated by analyzing of the dextromethorphan in presence of several substances with similar molecular structures and properties. Results from the HPLC analyses showed that the recoveries of dextromethorphan using MIP cartridges from human plasma samples in the range of 1–50 ng/mL were higher than 87%.
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| 10. |
- Moein, Mohammad Mahdi, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Molecularly imprinted polymer cartridges coupled on-line with high performance liquid chromatography for simple and rapid analysis of human insulin in plasma and pharmaceutical formulations
- 2014
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Ingår i: Talanta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0039-9140 .- 1873-3573. ; 121, s. 30-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, a novel method is described for automated determination of human insulin in biological fluids using principle of sequential injection on a molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) cartridge as a sample clean-up technique combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared using methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker, chloroform as a porogen and insulin as a template molecule. The imprinted polymers were then employed as the solid-phase extraction sorbent for on-line extraction of insulin from human plasma samples. To achieve the best condition, influential parameters on the extraction efficiency were thoroughly investigated. Rapid and simple analysis of the hormone was successfully accomplished through the good selectivity of the prepared sorbent coupled with HPLC. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0.2 ng mL−1, 0.7 ng mL−1, and 0.03 ng mL−1, 0.1 ng mL−1 were obtained in plasma and urine respectively. The obtained data exhibited the great recoveries for extraction of insulin from human plasma and pharmaceutical samples, higher than 87%.
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