| 1. |
- Bylund, Nina, et al.
(författare)
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Synkinesis in Bell's palsy in a randomised controlled trial
- 2017
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Ingår i: Clinical Otolaryngology. - : Wiley. - 1749-4478 .- 1365-2273. ; 42:3, s. 673-680
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To study the development of synkinesis in Bell's palsy. Frequency, severity, gender aspects and predictors were analysed.DESIGN: Data from the randomised controlled Scandinavian Bell's palsy trial including 829 patients.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency and severity of synkinesis at 12 months were the main outcome measures. Mean Sunnybrook synkinesis scores, voluntary movement scores and composite scores between 6 and 12 months were compared.RESULTS: In 743 patients with a 12-month follow-up, synkinesis frequency was 21.3%. There was no gender difference. Synkinesis was moderate to severe in 6.6% of patients. Those with synkinesis at 6 months had a synkinesis score of 4.1 (±2.8 sd), which increased to 4.7 (±3.2) (P = 0.047) at 12 months (n = 93). Sunnybrook composite score at 1 month was the best predictor for synkinesis development with receiver operating characteristics and area under the curve (AUC) 0.87. Risk for synkinesis increased with a lower Sunnybrook composite score. Furthermore, at 1 month, symmetry of voluntary movement had higher predictive value for synkinesis than resting symmetry with AUC 0.87 and 0.77, respectively. Gentle eye closure and open-mouth smile were the only independent significant predictive items (AUC 0.86).CONCLUSIONS: Moderate-to-severe synkinesis was present in 6.6% of patients. The mean synkinesis score increased between 6 and 12 months, and outcome should therefore be evaluated after at least 12 months. Sunnybrook composite score and symmetry of voluntary movement at 1 month were good predictors for synkinesis.
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| 2. |
- Jensson, David, et al.
(författare)
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Cranial Nerve Coactivation and Implication for Nerve Transfers to the Facial Nerve.
- 2018
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Ingår i: Plastic and reconstructive surgery (1963). - 0032-1052 .- 1529-4242. ; 141:4, s. 582e-585e
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In reanimation surgery, effortless smile can be achieved by a nonfacial donor nerve. The underlying mechanisms for this smile development, and which is the best nonfacial neurotizer, need further clarification. The aim of the present study was therefore to further explore the natural coactivation between facial mimic muscles and muscles innervated by the most common donor nerves used in smile reanimation. The study was conducted in 10 healthy adults. Correlation between voluntary facial muscle movements and simultaneous electromyographic activity in muscles innervated by the masseter, hypoglossal, and spinal accessory nerves was assessed. The association between voluntary movements in the latter muscles and simultaneous electromyographic activity in facial muscles was also studied. Smile coactivated the masseter and tongue muscles equally. During the seven mimic movements, the masseter muscle had fewer electromyographically measured coactivations compared with the tongue (two of seven versus five of seven). The trapezius muscle demonstrated no coactivation during mimic movements. Movements of the masseter, tongue, and trapezius muscles induced electromyographically recorded coactivation in the facial muscles. Bite resulted in the strongest coactivation of the zygomaticus major muscle. The authors demonstrated coactivation between voluntary smile and the masseter and tongue muscles. During voluntary bite, strong coactivation of the zygomaticus major muscle was noted. The narrower coactivation pattern in the masseter muscle may be advantageous for central relearning and the development of a spontaneous smile. The strong coactivation between the masseter muscle and the zygomaticus major indicates that the masseter nerve may be preferred in smile reanimation.
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| 3. |
- Jensson, David, et al.
(författare)
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Oculo-zygomatic nerve transfer for facial synkinesis : An anatomical feasibility study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Microsurgery. - : Wiley. - 0738-1085 .- 1098-2752. ; 37:7, s. 629-633
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Patients with severe oro-ocular synkinesis often present with concomitant inefficient smile excursion on the affected site. In theory, oculo-zygomatic nerve transfer may decrease synkinesis and improve smile by redirecting nerve fibers to their target muscle. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of nerve transfer in human cadavers between a caudal branch innervating the orbicularis oculi to a cephalad branch innervating the zygomaticus major muscles.METHODS: Eighteen hemi-faces were dissected. Reach for direct coaptation of a caudal nerve branch innervating the orbicularis oculi muscle to a cephalad nerve branch innervating the zygomaticus major muscle was assessed. Measurements included total number of nerve branches as well as maximum dissection length. Nerve samples were taken from both branches at the site of coaptation and histomorphometric analysis for axonal count was performed.RESULTS: The number of sub-branches to the orbicularis oculi muscle was 3.1 ± 1.0 and to the zygomaticus major muscle 4.7 ± 1.2. The maximal length of dissection of the caudal nerve branch to the orbicularis oculi muscle was 28.3 ± 7.3 mm and for the cranial nerve branch to the zygomaticus major muscle 23.8 ± 6.5 mm. Transection and tension-free coaptation was possible in all cases but one. The average myelinated fiber counts per mm2 was of 5,173 ± 2,293 for the caudal orbicularis oculi branch and 5,256 ± 1,774 for the cephalad zygomaticus major branch.CONCLUSION: Oculo-zygomatic nerve transfer is an anatomically feasible procedure. The clinical value of this procedure, however, remains to be proven.
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| 4. |
- Jensson, David
(författare)
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Sequelae after Facial Palsy : Clinical, Anatomical and Electrophysiological Studies
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Sequelae after peripheral facial palsy, which among others include synkinesis, non-functional smile and/or lower lip asymmetry, may be devastating for the patient. Bell’s palsy is the most common form of peripheral facial palsy. Aim: The aim was to study a) frequency and potential predictive factors of synkinesis in Bell’s palsy b) new surgical treatment options after facial nerve injury c) coactivation between muscles innervated by the facial nerve and the most common donor nerves in smile reanimation d) anatomical features of the lower lip depressors. Methods: I: Frequency, severity and early predictors of synkinesis development were studied in 829 Bell’s palsy patients. II and IV: Anatomical technical feasibility of intra-facial nerve transfers was analyzed. V: Anatomical features of lower lip depressor muscles were studied and a literature review for lower lip depressor myectomies was performed. III: Coactivation of muscles innervated by cranial nerves during voluntary facial movements was measured with electromyography. Results: I: In Bell’s palsy, synkinesis frequency was 21.3% at 12-months and Sunnybrook composite score at one month was found to be a good predictor for synkinesis. II and IV: A tension-free oculo-zygomatic and platysma-marginal mandibular nerve transfer was anatomically feasible. Full recovery of the lower lip after platsysma-marginal mandibular nerve transfer was found in a clinical case. III: The masseter muscle had a narrower coactivation pattern compared to the tongue. Bite induced a strong coactivation in the zygomaticus major muscle. V: The width of the depressor labii inferioris was 20 ± 4 mm and the distance from the midline to the lateral muscle border was 32 ± 4 mm. For the depressor anguli oris muscle, the corresponding measurements were 14 ± 3 mm and 54 ± 4 mm. The mean recurrence rate after lower lip myectomy reported in the literature is 21%. Conclusion: I: Synkinesis in Bell’s palsy was 21%. Sunnybrook composite score at one month is a good predictor for synkinesis. II: Oculo-zygomatic nerve transfer may be a suitable technique to reduce eye synkinesis and achieve a stronger smile. III: The narrow coactivation pattern in the masseter muscle may be advantageous for spontaneous smile development. IV: The platysma motor nerve transfer is a feasible procedure and can lead to full recovery in lower lip paralysis. V: Knowledge of the width of the depressor muscles is of importance to ensure complete resection in lower lip myectomy.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Oddsson, Asmundur, et al.
(författare)
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Deficit of homozygosity among 1.52 million individuals and genetic causes of recessive lethality
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genotypes causing pregnancy loss and perinatal mortality are depleted among living individuals and are therefore difficult to find. To explore genetic causes of recessive lethality, we searched for sequence variants with deficit of homozygosity among 1.52 million individuals from six European populations. In this study, we identified 25 genes harboring protein-altering sequence variants with a strong deficit of homozygosity (10% or less of predicted homozygotes). Sequence variants in 12 of the genes cause Mendelian disease under a recessive mode of inheritance, two under a dominant mode, but variants in the remaining 11 have not been reported to cause disease. Sequence variants with a strong deficit of homozygosity are over-represented among genes essential for growth of human cell lines and genes orthologous to mouse genes known to affect viability. The function of these genes gives insight into the genetics of intrauterine lethality. We also identified 1077 genes with homozygous predicted loss-of-function genotypes not previously described, bringing the total set of genes completely knocked out in humans to 4785.
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| 7. |
- Rodríguez-Lorenzo, Andres, et al.
(författare)
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Platysma Motor Nerve Transfer for Restoring Marginal Mandibular Nerve Function
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. - 1748-6815 .- 1878-0539. ; 4:12, s. e1164-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Injuries of the marginal mandibular nerve (MMN) of the facial nerve result in paralysis of the lower lip muscle depressors and an asymmetrical smile. Nerve reconstruction, when possible, is the method of choice; however, in cases of long nerve gaps or delayed nerve reconstruction, conventional nerve repairs may be difficult to perform or may provide suboptimal outcomes. Herein, we investigate the anatomical technical feasibility of transfer of the platysma motor nerve (PMN) to the MMN for restoration of lower lip function, and we present a clinical case where this nerve transfer was successfully performed.Methods: Ten adult fresh cadavers were dissected. Measurements included the number of MMN and PMN branches, the maximal length of dissection of the PMN from the parotid, and the distance from the anterior border of the parotid to the facial artery. The PMN reach for direct coaptation to the MMN at the level of the crossing with the facial artery was assessed. We performed histomorphometric analysis of the MMN and PMN branches.Results: The anatomy of the MMN and PMN was consistent in all dissections, with an average number of subbranches of 1.5 for the MMN and 1.2 for the PMN. The average maximal length of dissection of the PMN was 46.5 mm, and in every case, tension-free coaptation with the MMN was possible. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that the MMN contained an average of 3,866 myelinated fiber counts per millimeter, and the PMN contained 5,025. After a 3-year follow-up of the clinical case, complete recovery of MMN function was observed, without the need of central relearning and without functional or aesthetic impairment resulting from denervation of the platysma muscle.Conclusions: PMN to MMN transfer is an anatomically feasible procedure for reconstruction of isolated MMN injuries. In our patient, by direct nerve coaptation, a faster and full recovery of lower lip muscle depressors was achieved without the need of central relearning because of the synergistic functions of the PMN and MMN functions and minimal donor-site morbidity.
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| 8. |
- Sjökvist, Olivia, et al.
(författare)
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A full-thickness chemical burn to the hand using formic acid-based anti-wart treatment : a case report and literature review
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scars, burns & healing. - : SAGE Publications. - 2059-5131. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Chemical burns are comparably rare but often result in full-thickness skin defects with frequent involvement of underlying structures. Hands are the most commonly affected injury site and impaired functional outcome is common. We present a case of an unusual chemical burn to the dorsum of the hand of a child secondary to application of a topical anti-wart treatment containing formic acid.Case report: An 11-year-old girl was referred to our outpatient department with a full-thickness injury resulting from a chemical burn having used a topical formic acid solution in the treatment of common warts. On examination, a 20-mm circular full-thickness defect was noted to the dorsum of the hand. The extensor tendons were not involved and there were no signs of infection. She required surgical debridement and local flap coverage. The postoperative recovery was unremarkable.Conclusion: Through a comprehensive literature review, four common topical solutions used in anti-wart treatment were identified to be associated with burns. Together with our case, this highlights the importance of careful patient education in the usage of common topical over-the-counter treatments.
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| 9. |
- Vejbrink Kildal, Villiam, et al.
(författare)
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Anatomical features in lower lip depressor muscles for optimization of myectomies in marginal mandibular nerve palsy
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. - : Wolters Kluwer. - 1049-2275 .- 1536-3732. ; 32:6, s. 2230-2232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Myectomies of the lower-lip depressor muscles, with the aim to improve facial balance in unilateral facial paralysis, have unexplained high recurrence rates. A potential explanation is that these recurrences are due to inadequate resection through the muscle width, leaving lateral muscle fibers intact.Aim: Revisit the anatomy of the lower-lip depressor muscles and suggest an optimization of the surgical technique. Perform a literature review to identify recurrence rates and surgical technique of the procedure.Materials and Methods: Ten fresh hemifaces were dissected. The following measurements of depressor labii inferioris and depressor anguli oris were made: the widths of the muscles, the distance from the mandibular midline to the lateral borders of the muscles, and the intraoral distance from the lateral canine to the lateral border of depressor anguli oris. A literature review was performed.Results: The width of depressor labii inferioris was 20 ± 4 mm and depressor anguli oris 14 ± 3 mm. The distance from the midline to the lateral border of depressor labii inferioris was 32 ± 4 mm and 54 ± 4 mm for depressor anguli oris. The literature review revealed a mean recurrence rate of 21%.Discussion: A potential optimization of the surgical technique in lower-lip depressor myectomies is to extend the muscle resection laterally. To ensure inclusion of the whole width of the depressor muscles and decrease the recurrence rates of the procedure, the measurements presented in this study should be kept in mind during surgery.
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