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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Sampson, Joshua N., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of Heritability and Shared Heritability Based on Genome-Wide Association Studies for 13 Cancer Types
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0027-8874 .- 1460-2105. ; 107:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Studies of related individuals have consistently demonstrated notable familial aggregation of cancer. We aim to estimate the heritability and genetic correlation attributable to the additive effects of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for cancer at 13 anatomical sites. Methods: Between 2007 and 2014, the US National Cancer Institute has generated data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for 49 492 cancer case patients and 34 131 control patients. We apply novel mixed model methodology (GCTA) to this GWAS data to estimate the heritability of individual cancers, as well as the proportion of heritability attributable to cigarette smoking in smoking-related cancers, and the genetic correlation between pairs of cancers. Results: GWAS heritability was statistically significant at nearly all sites, with the estimates of array-based heritability, h(l)(2), on the liability threshold (LT) scale ranging from 0.05 to 0.38. Estimating the combined heritability of multiple smoking characteristics, we calculate that at least 24% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14% to 37%) and 7% (95% CI = 4% to 11%) of the heritability for lung and bladder cancer, respectively, can be attributed to genetic determinants of smoking. Most pairs of cancers studied did not show evidence of strong genetic correlation. We found only four pairs of cancers with marginally statistically significant correlations, specifically kidney and testes (rho = 0.73, SE = 0.28), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and pediatric osteosarcoma (rho = 0.53, SE = 0.21), DLBCL and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (rho = 0.51, SE = 0.18), and bladder and lung (rho = 0.35, SE = 0.14). Correlation analysis also indicates that the genetic architecture of lung cancer differs between a smoking population of European ancestry and a nonsmoking Asian population, allowing for the possibility that the genetic etiology for the same disease can vary by population and environmental exposures. Conclusion: Our results provide important insights into the genetic architecture of cancers and suggest new avenues for investigation.
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| 4. |
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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Arvidsson, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Acoustic design of ordinary rooms using absorbers and diffusers
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 2020 International Congress on Noise Control Engineering, INTER-NOISE 2020. - 9788994021362
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With different activities in a room, room acoustic requirements differ and when the acoustic requirements are different, acoustic treatment must be adapted. This study focuses on room acoustics in ordinary public rooms such as classrooms and offices. By tradition the acoustic treatment in these rooms is an absorbent ceiling. Experiments have been carried out in a classroom where the baseline in the acoustic treatment was a highly absorptive acoustic ceiling. This treatment has then been combined with different configurations of diffusers and wall absorbers where the coverage and pattern of the different treatments has been tested to evaluate their effect on the room acoustic parameters. Furthermore, several configurations with different diffuser directionality have been evaluated. The room acoustic parameters reverberation time, speech clarity and sound strength were assessed. The results show a clear correspondence in the room acoustic parameters for the different treatments used, as well as a frequency dependence. Here we discuss the interpretation of these results and how this new information can be used to obtain the room acoustic requirements for a specific activity.
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| 6. |
- Forssén, Jens, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Toolbox from the EC FP7 HOSANNA project for the reduction of road and rail traffic noise in the outdoor environment
- 2014
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Ingår i: Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris, France. ; , s. 10-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper offers a brief overview of innovative methods for road and rail traffic noise reduction between sourceand receiver. These include using new barrier designs, planting of trees, treatments of ground and road surfacesand greening of building façades and roofs using natural materials, like vegetation, soil and other substrates incombination with recycled materials and artificial elements. The abatements are assessed in terms of numericallypredicted sound level reductions, perceptual effects and cost–benefit analysis. Useful reductions of noise fromurban roads and tramways are predicted for 1-m-high urban noise barriers and these are increased by addinginter-lane barriers. A 3 m wide 0.3 m high lattice ground treatment, a carefully planted 15-m-wide tree belt andreplacing 50 m of paved areas by grassland are predicted to give similar reductions. Tree belts are shown to bevery cost-effective and combining tall barriers with a row of trees reduces the negative impact of wind. Greenroofs may significantly reduce the noise at the quiet side of buildings.
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| 7. |
- Forssén, Jens, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Åtgärder i utomhusmiljön för att minska buller från väg- och tågtrafik – resultat från EU-projektet HOSANNA
- 2013
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Ingår i: LjudBladet, Svenska akustiska sällskapet. - 1403-2317. ; 3, s. 16-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna artikel ger en kort översikt av bulleråtgärder, resulterande från EU-projektet HOSANNA, för minskning av buller från väg- och spårtrafik under ljudets utbredning. Dessa verktyg inkluderar användning av ny skärmdesign, plantering av träd, förbättringar av mark- och vägytor samt vegetation på byggnadsfasader och tak, med hjälp av naturmaterial, såsom vegetation, jord och andra substrat i kombination med återvunnet material och artificiella element. De akustiska insättningsdämpningarna bedöms genom numeriska beräkningar, perceptuella effekter och kostnadsnyttoanalys. En betydande minskning av buller från väg- och spårtrafik förutsägs för ett 1-m-högt urbant bullerskydd. Detta kan förbättras, upp till ca 10 dB insättningsdämpning, genom att placera ytterligare skydd mellan körfälten. Ett 3 m brett och 0,3 m högt rutnät, ett omsorgsfullt planterat 15 m brett trädbälte samt att ersätta 50 meter asfalterad mark med gräsmark förutspås ge bullerminskningar om 5–8 dB, medan användning av fasadvegetation och gröna tak kan minska nivån på innergårdar med upp till ca 4 respektive 7 dB. Trädbälten visar sig vara mycket kostnadseffektiva och kombinationer av höga skärmar med en rad av träd minskar de negativa effekterna av vind på bullerskärmars insättningsdämpning. Gröna tak kan minska bullret på den tysta sidan av byggnader.
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| 8. |
- Jeon, Jin Yong, et al.
(författare)
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A cross-national comparison in assessment of urban park soundscapes in France, Korea, and Sweden through laboratory experiments
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Acoustics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-682X .- 1872-910X. ; 133, s. 107-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aims at examining the effect of socio-cultural context, including language, on soundscape assessments in urban parks. In total, 95 persons took part in three laboratory experiments, conducted in France (30 participants), Korea (30 participants) and Sweden (35 participants). Twenty-eight audio-visual excerpts from recordings conducted in five urban parks were used as stimuli. The participants evaluated soundscape quality using attribute scales provided in their own native languages. Principal Components Analysis produced two principal components of perceived affective quality, Pleasantness and Eventfulness. There were high levels of similarity in attributes associated with the Pleasantness among the three countries, whereas some differences were observed in the attributes related to Eventfulness. Two hierarchical cluster analyses were conducted based on perceived dominance of sound sources, and component scores of perceived affective quality. There were no significant differences in clustering results based on perceived dominance of sound sources among the different nationalities. In contrast, discrepancies were found in the clustering results based on perceived affective quality. In particular, perceptual responses to human sounds, birdsong, and water sounds, which are closely related to Eventfulness, were significantly different across the three cultural backgrounds. These findings provide empirical evidence of socio-cultural differences in soundscape assessment.
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| 9. |
- Kang, Jian, et al.
(författare)
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Vegetation in urban streets, squares, and courtyards
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Methods for Transport Noise Reduction. - : CRC Press. - 9781482288773 ; , s. 177-194
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of various ways in which vegetation cover used in the greening of urban areas can help improve the health and well-being of people is in how it changes the acoustic environment. This chapter presents findings of computer simulations and scale modelling to examine and quantify the effectiveness of green roof and green wall (vertical garden) systems in reducing road traffic noise for streets, squares, and roadside courtyards. Noise reduction by sound absorption in reflected and diffracted (over roofs) sound paths is investigated. Particular attention is paid to the importance of vegetation placement relative to the receiver/listening positions. Because the soil substrate used for the vertical walls has good sound absorption properties, it also can be used for green barriers. In this chapter, the effects of a low barrier made of green wall substrate are studied for an installation on the ground and on the top of buildings surrounding a courtyard.
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| 10. |
- Mun, Seungsoo, et al.
(författare)
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Reconfigurable dual-mode optical encryption enabled by block copolymer photonic crystal with micro-imprinted holographic metasurface
- 2023
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Ingår i: Materials Today. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 1369-7021 .- 1873-4103. ; 70, s. 44-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dual-mode optical encryption based on holographic metasurfaces and color components is of great attraction because of their enhanced information security and storage; however, the realization of independently as well as reversibly encodable holographic metasurfaces and color components remains unreported. Herein, we present reconfigurable dual-mode encryptions of structural colors (SC) and holograms, achieved through stimuli-responsive block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystals (PCs) with micro-imprinted holographic metasurfaces. Holographic images appear when the micro-imprinted BCP PCs, consisting of self-assembled alternating lamellae of two dielectrics, are exposed to an incident laser. A characteristic SC develops in the visible range when the imprinted film is immersed in a liquid agent that can swell one of the dielectrics, allowing for dual-mode holographic and SC encodings in the solid and liquid states, respectively. The dual-mode optical encoding is reconfigured. The holographic image can be erased and replaced with another micropattern, while preserving the SC. Moreover, an SC, set by crosslinking of the swellable lamellae, is reset by chemical de-crosslinking and subsequent transient re-crosslinking, enabling the SC reconfigurability of the BCP PC film. A prototype of a high-security reconfigurable dual encryption has been developed, wherein true information is decrypted when holographic passwords are confirmed with full-color visible SC passwords.
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