| 1. |
- Slotte, Christer, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Four-Millimeter Implants Supporting Fixed Partial Dental Prostheses in the Severely Resorbed Posterior Mandible: Two-Year Results.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Clinical implant dentistry and related research. - : Wiley. - 1708-8208 .- 1523-0899.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Reduced alveolar bone volume complicates implant dentistry. Purpose: In this prospective multicenter study, a new, 4-mm long Straumann SLActive implant (Ø 4.1mm) supporting a fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) in the severely resorbed posterior mandible was evaluated for two years. Material and Methods: Thirty-two patients (11 men, 21 women; mean age 64.1 years) participated. Ten to 12 weeks after single-stage surgery, a screw-retained FDP was attached to three or four 4-mm implants. Results and Discussion: One hundred implants were inserted. Three failed at surgery and four were lost before loading. Twenty-eight patients received FDPs (93 implants). Two patients were discontinued because of secondary exclusion criteria; therefore, 26 patients were followed up from baseline (BL). After 1 year, one patient insisted on removal of all implants and one patient died because of nonstudy-related complications. Twenty-four patients (87 implants) were eligible for examination 2 years post-loading. All implants were found to be stable [survival rate 95.7% (confidence interval, CI 88.8-98.3) after 1 year and 92.3% (CI 84.5-96.2) after 2 years]. The mean change from BL to 12 months was - 0.43mm (CI 0.31-0.59; p<.001) and from 12 to 24 months - 0.11mm (CI -0.01-0.23; p=.056). The survival rate is only slightly lower than in similar studies on 6 to 8.5mm implants. This may be related to high initial stability and effective use of the residual bone volume with high primary bone-to-implant contact in dense bone structures. The surgical handling of the tested implant was found to be similar to that of implants of common length. However, the preparation procedure must be done with great care to avoid overdrilling. Careful planning and design of the prosthetic construction is mandatory to prevent unfavorable occlusion and avoid harmful shear forces. Conclusion: This study showed that 4mm implants can support an FDP in severely resorbed posterior mandibles for at least 2 years and with healthy peri-implant conditions.
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| 2. |
- Banitz, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Model-derived causal explanations are inherently constrained by hidden assumptions and context : The example of Baltic cod dynamics
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Modelling & Software. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-8152 .- 1873-6726. ; 156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Models are widely used for investigating cause-effect relationships in complex systems. However, often different models yield diverging causal claims about specific phenomena. Therefore, critical reflection is needed on causal insights derived from modeling. As an example, we here compare ecological models dealing with the dynamics and collapse of cod in the Baltic Sea. The models addressed different specific questions, but also vary widely in system conceptualization and complexity. With each model, certain ecological factors and mechanisms were analyzed in detail, while others were included but remained unchanged, or were excluded. Model-based causal analyses of the same system are thus inherently constrained by diverse implicit assumptions about possible determinants of causation. In developing recommendations for human action, awareness is needed of this strong context dependence of causal claims, which is often not entirely clear. Model comparisons can be supplemented by integrating findings from multiple models and confronting models with multiple observed patterns.
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| 3. |
- Banitz, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Visualization of causation in social-ecological systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - : Resilience Alliance, Inc.. - 1708-3087. ; 27:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In social-ecological systems (SES), where social and ecological processes are intertwined, phenomena are usually complex and involve multiple interdependent causes. Figuring out causal relationships is thus challenging but needed to better understand and then affect or manage such systems. One important and widely used tool to identify and communicate causal relationships is visualization. Here, we present several common visualization types: diagrams of objects and arrows, X-Y plots, and X-Y-Z plots, and discuss them in view of the particular challenges of visualizing causation in complex systems such as SES. We use a simple demonstration model to create and compare exemplary visualizations and add more elaborate examples from the literature. This highlights implicit strengths and limitations of widely used visualization types and facilitates adequate choices when visualizing causation in SES. Thereupon, we recommend further suitable ways to account for complex causation, such as figures with multiple panels, or merging different visualization types in one figure. This provides caveats against oversimplifications. Yet, any single figure can rarely capture all relevant causal relationships in an SES. We therefore need to focus on specific questions, phenomena, or subsystems, and often also on specific causes and effects that shall be visualized. Our recommendations allow for selecting and combining visualizations such that they complement each other, support comprehensive understanding, and do justice to the existing complexity in SES. This lets visualizations realize their potential and play an important role in identifying and communicating causation.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Bore, et al.
(författare)
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Vårdsektionens fältarbeten
- 1981
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Ingår i: Kulturminnesvård. - Stockholm : Riksantikvarieämbetet. - 0346-9077. ; [6]:2, s. 48-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 5. |
- Hertz, Tilman, et al.
(författare)
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Eliciting the plurality of causal reasoning in social-ecological systems research
- 2024
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Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - : Resilience Alliance. - 1708-3087. ; 29:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding causation in social-ecological systems (SES) is indispensable for promoting sustainable outcomes. However, the study of such causal relations is challenging because they are often complex and intertwined, and their analysis involves diverse disciplines. Although there is agreement that no single research approach (RA) can comprehensively explain SES phenomena, there is a lack of ability to deal with this diversity. Underlying this diversity and the challenge of dealing with it are different causal reasonings that are rarely explicit. Awareness of hidden assumptions is essential for understanding how the causal reasoning of an RA is constituted, and for promoting the integration, translation, or juxtaposition of different RAs. We identify the following elements as particularly relevant for understanding causal reasoning: methods, frameworks and theories, accounts of causation, analytical focus, and causal notions. We begin with the idea that one of these elements typically figures as an entry point to an RA. This entry point is particularly important because it generates a path dependence that orients causal reasoning. In a subsequent step, when an approach is applied, causal reasoning concretizes as a result of a particular constellation of the remaining elements. We come to these insights by studying the application of four different RAs to the same social-ecological case (the collapse of Baltic cod stocks in the 1980s). On the basis of our findings we developed a guide for the analysis of causal reasoning by raising awareness of the assumptions, key elements, and the relations between these key elements for a given RA. The guide can be used to elicit the causal reasoning of RAs, facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration, and support disclosure of ethical/political dimensions that underlie management/governance interventions that are formulated on the basis of causal findings of research studies.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Lars-Göran, 1950-
(författare)
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An Empiricist View on Laws, Quantities and Physical Necessity
- 2019
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Ingår i: Theoria. - : Wiley. - 0040-5825 .- 1755-2567. ; 85:2, s. 69-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article I argue for an empiricist view on laws. Some laws are fundamental in the sense that they are the result of inductive generalisations of observed regularities and at the same time in their formulation contain a new theoretical predicate. The inductive generalisations simultaneously function as implicit definitions of these new predicates. Other laws are either explicit definitions or consequences of other previously established laws. I discuss the laws of classical mechanics, relativity theory and electromagnetism in detail. Laws are necessary, whereas accidental generalisations are not. But necessity here is not a modal concept, but rather interpreted as short for the semantic predicate "... is necessarily true". Thus no modal logic is needed. The necessity attributed to law sentences is in turn interpreted as "necessary condition for the rest of the theory", which is true since fundamental laws are implicit definitions of theoretical predicates use in the theory.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Lars-Göran, 1950-
(författare)
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Att förstå kvantmekaniken : En hjälp till fysikstudenter
- 2021
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Går det att förstå kvantmekaniken? Richard Feynman, nobelpristagare i fysik och legendarisk för sin förmåga att pedagogiskt förmedla naturvetenskapliga teorier, har hävdat att svaret är nej: kvantmekaniken går inte att förstå och det är bättre att inte försöka. Även den kunnigaste fysiker bör nöja sig med att göra beräkningar. Feynman tänker på märkliga fenomen som att samma saker ibland uppträder som partiklar, ibland som vågor; att partiklar verkar kunna finnas på flera platser samtidigt; och att man säkert kan veta tillståndet hos en partikel genom att observera en annan partikel på hur stort avstånd som helst och utan att några signaler går mellan dem.Denna bok vill visa att Feynman hade fel och att det faktiskt går att förklara vad kvantmekaniken säger på vardagligt språk. Den är främst tänkt som en hjälp till fysikstudenter som studerar kvantmekanik och lär sig använda den matematiska formalismen för att lösa problem, men som inte är nöjda med att bara kunna räkna rätt och få korrekta svar. Men även andra som är nyfikna på kvantmekanikens paradoxer kan ha glädje av denna bok.Författaren är emeritus professor i teoretisk filosofi vid Uppsala Universitet. Han har publicerat böcker både om kvantmekanikens filosofi och om allmän vetenskapsteori.
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