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- Delios, A., et al.
(författare)
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Examining the generalizability of research findings from archival data
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119:30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This initiative examined systematically the extent to which a large set of archival research findings generalizes across contexts. We repeated the key analyses for 29 original strategic management effects in the same context (direct reproduction) as well as in 52 novel time periods and geographies; 45% of the reproductions returned results matching the original reports together with 55% of tests in different spans of years and 40% of tests in novel geographies. Some original findings were associated with multiple new tests. Reproducibility was the best predictor of generalizability-for the findings that proved directly reproducible, 84% emerged in other available time periods and 57% emerged in other geographies. Overall, only limited empirical evidence emerged for context sensitivity. In a forecasting survey, independent scientists were able to anticipate which effects would find support in tests in new samples.
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| 2. |
- Tierney, W., et al.
(författare)
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A creative destruction approach to replication : Implicit work and sex morality across cultures
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1031 .- 1096-0465. ; 93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How can we maximize what is learned from a replication study? In the creative destruction approach to replication, the original hypothesis is compared not only to the null hypothesis, but also to predictions derived from multiple alternative theoretical accounts of the phenomenon. To this end, new populations and measures are included in the design in addition to the original ones, to help determine which theory best accounts for the results across multiple key outcomes and contexts. The present pre-registered empirical project compared the Implicit Puritanism account of intuitive work and sex morality to theories positing regional, religious, and social class differences; explicit rather than implicit cultural differences in values; self-expression vs. survival values as a key cultural fault line; the general moralization of work; and false positive effects. Contradicting Implicit Puritanism's core theoretical claim of a distinct American work morality, a number of targeted findings replicated across multiple comparison cultures, whereas several failed to replicate in all samples and were identified as likely false positives. No support emerged for theories predicting regional variability and specific individual-differences moderators (religious affiliation, religiosity, and education level). Overall, the results provide evidence that work is intuitively moralized across cultures.
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| 6. |
- Cooray, S., et al.
(författare)
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Anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment for the prevention of ischaemic events in patients with deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2)
- 2021
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Ingår i: Rheumatology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1462-0324 .- 1462-0332. ; 60:9, s. 4373-4378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To evaluate the impact of anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (anti-TNF) treatment on the occurrence of vasculitic ischaemic events in patients with deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2). Methods A retrospective analysis of DADA2 patients referred from six centres to Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children was conducted. Ischaemic events, vasculitic disease activity, biochemical, immunological, and radiological features were compared, before and after anti-TNF treatment. Results A total of 31 patients with genetically confirmed DADA2 were included in the study. The median duration of active disease activity prior to anti-TNF treatment was 73months (inter-quartile range [IQR] 27.5-133.5months). Twenty seven/31 patients received anti-TNF treatment for a median of 32months (IQR 12.0-71.5months). The median event rate of central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS ischemic events before anti-TNF treatment was 2.37 per 100 patient-months (IQR 1.25-3.63); compared with 0.00 per 100 patient-months (IQR 0.0-0.0) post-treatment (p< 0.0001). Paediatric vasculitis activity score (PVAS) was also significantly reduced: median score of 20/63 (IQR 13.0-25.8/63) pre-treatment vs. 2/63 (IQR 0.0-3.8/63) following anti-TNF treatment (p< 0.0001), with mild livedoid rash being the main persisting feature. Anti-TNF treatment was not effective for severe immunodeficiency or bone marrow failure, which required haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Conclusion Anti-TNF treatment significantly reduced the incidence of ischaemic events and other vasculitic manifestations of DADA2, but was not effective for immunodeficiency or bone marrow failure.
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| 7. |
- Nanthapisal, S., et al.
(författare)
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Deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase Type 2 A Description of Phenotype and Genotype in Fifteen Cases
- 2016
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Ingår i: Arthritis & Rheumatology. - : Wiley. - 2326-5191. ; 68:9, s. 2314-2322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. To describe the clinical features, genotype, and treatment in a series of subjects with confirmed adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) deficiency. Methods. All symptomatic subjects were referred for genetic testing for suspected ADA2 deficiency; relatives of index cases were also screened. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics and treatments were recorded. Genetic analyses included whole-exome sequencing in 4 subjects and Sanger sequencing of CECR1 (the gene for cat eye syndrome chromosome region candidate 1) in all subjects. Assays for ADA2 enzyme activity and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of CECR1 messenger RNA (mRNA) were also performed. Results. We identified 15 subjects with ADA2 deficiency, 5 of whom were asymptomatic (relatives of index cases; ages 5-42 years). Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in CECR1 were identified in all subjects. Phenotypic manifestations in the patients with symptomatic ADA2 deficiency included livedo racemosa (73.3%), neurologic involvement (53.3%), and immunodeficiency (46.7%). CECR1 mRNA expression in 8 subjects, including 5 who were presymptomatic, was significantly lower than in healthy controls (P=0.0016). Subjects with ADA2 deficiency (with or without symptoms) also had lower ADA2 enzyme activity compared to healthy pediatric controls (P<0.0001) and patients with sporadic (nonfamilial) childhood polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) without CECR1 mutation (P= 0.0108). Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy was required in 9 of the 10 symptomatic subjects. Conclusion. The clinical manifestations of ADA2 deficiency ranged in severity from limited cutaneous involvement to severe multisystemic vasculitis; one-third of our cases (5 of 15) were currently asymptomatic, and required close monitoring. We recommend CECR1 screening for unaffected siblings of index cases, cases of familial vasculitis, and cases of PAN that is resistant to standard treatment.
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- Singh, Amika S, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive and academic performance in children and adolescents : a novel combination of a systematic review and recommendations from an expert panel
- 2019
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Ingår i: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 53, s. 640-647
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To summarise the current evidence on the effects of physical activity (PA) interventions on cognitive and academic performance in children, and formulate research priorities and recommendations. DESIGN: Systematic review (following PRISMA guidelines) with a methodological quality assessment and an international expert panel. We based the evaluation of the consistency of the scientific evidence on the findings reported in studies rated as of high methodological quality. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central, Web of Science, ERIC, and SPORTDiscus. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: PA-intervention studies in children with at least one cognitive or academic performance assessment. RESULTS: Eleven (19%) of 58 included intervention studies received a high-quality rating for methodological quality: four assessed effects of PA interventions on cognitive performance, six assessed effects on academic performance, and one on both. All high-quality studies contrasted the effects of additional/adapted PA activities with regular curriculum activities. For cognitive performance 10 of 21 (48%) constructs analysed showed statistically significant beneficial intervention effects of PA, while for academic performance, 15 of 25 (60%) analyses found a significant beneficial effect of PA. Across all five studies assessing PA effects on mathematics, beneficial effects were reported in six out of seven (86%) outcomes.Experts put forward 46 research questions. The most pressing research priority cluster concerned the causality of the relationship between PA and cognitive/academic performance. The remaining clusters pertained to PA characteristics, moderators and mechanisms governing the 'PA-performance' relationship and miscellaneous topics. CONCLUSION: There is currently inconclusive evidence for the beneficial effects of PA interventions on cognitive and overall academic performance in children. We conclude that there is strong evidence for beneficial effects of PA on maths performance.The expert panel confirmed that more 'high-quality' research is warranted. By prioritising the most important research questions and formulating recommendations we aim to guide researchers in generating high-quality evidence. Our recommendations focus on adequate control groups and sample size, the use of valid and reliable measurement instruments for physical activity and cognitive performance, measurement of compliance and data analysis. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42017082505.
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