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- Fluet-Chouinard, Etienne, et al.
(författare)
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Extensive global wetland loss over the past three centuries
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 614:7947, s. 281-286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wetlands have long been drained for human use, thereby strongly affecting greenhouse gas fluxes, flood control, nutrient cycling and biodiversity1,2. Nevertheless, the global extent of natural wetland loss remains remarkably uncertain3. Here, we reconstruct the spatial distribution and timing of wetland loss through conversion to seven human land uses between 1700 and 2020, by combining national and subnational records of drainage and conversion with land-use maps and simulated wetland extents. We estimate that 3.4 million km2 (confidence interval 2.9–3.8) of inland wetlands have been lost since 1700, primarily for conversion to croplands. This net loss of 21% (confidence interval 16–23%) of global wetland area is lower than that suggested previously by extrapolations of data disproportionately from high-loss regions. Wetland loss has been concentrated in Europe, the United States and China, and rapidly expanded during the mid-twentieth century. Our reconstruction elucidates the timing and land-use drivers of global wetland losses, providing an improved historical baseline to guide assessment of wetland loss impact on Earth system processes, conservation planning to protect remaining wetlands and prioritization of sites for wetland restoration4.
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| 3. |
- Greiser, Caroline, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Archive value : measuring the palaeo-information content of peatlands in a conservation and compensation perspective
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2151-3732 .- 2151-3740. ; 14:1, s. 209-220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The value of peatlands as archives for vegetation, landscape, climate, and human history is well known, but often neglected in conservation planning. Archive value is the potential to satisfy future (yet unknown) demands for information about the past. This study aims at assessing the comparative archive value of a set of peatlands, to identify the most similar alternatives for three peatlands and to estimate the archive loss in case of their destruction. Representative cores from 49 peatlands in the region were assessed with respect to age, depth, resolution, (in)completeness, evenness, and diversity of substrates, peat accumulation status, and thickness of every single substrate type. After using cluster analysis to identify archive types and the relatedness among peatlands, the archive value of each peatland was expressed as a proportion of the total regional archive. We found candidates for compensating the three threatened peatlands, but also identified other archives of high conservation interest according to our criteria. The outcomes appeared rather robust but were determined by the criteria, resolution, and algorithms chosen. This work presents a first step towards developing an objective and consistent evaluation procedure of peatland archives, allowing the archive value to be considered in conservation and management decisions.
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- Hegde, Narasimha, et al.
(författare)
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A preliminary assessment of landscape features and cultural practices of sacred fresh water swamps in the central Western Ghats, India
- 2018
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Ingår i: Wetlands Ecology and Management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0923-4861 .- 1572-9834. ; 26:1, s. 49-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sacred areas are the oldest form of habitat protection, and many of these areas contribute to biodiversity conservation. While sacred groves have received considerable scholarly attention, little is known about fresh water swamps in the Western Ghats, India and sacred swamps have largely been ignored. This paper provides a first overview testing the conjecture that sacred swamps have physical features that distinguish them from non-sacred swamps. We assessed 110 fresh water swamps in the district of Uttara Kannada, Central Western Ghats, India, through extensive field surveys. Out of them 11 swamps are 'sacred' according to local testimony. Swamps are found in wet evergreen and evergreen forest types, but sacred swamps occur only in the wet evergreen forests. Sacred swamps differ significantly from non-sacred swamps with respect to size and shape, distance to the nearest road, human settlement, and commercial orchard, and population density within a radius of 500 m. This shows that preferentially swamps close to settlements, orchards and roads have been declared as sacred, probably to regulate the continuing provision of relevant ecosystem services. While we find a variety of deities associated with these sacred swamps, the practices associated with sacred swamp status and management are essentially the same across belief groups. However, the conservation practice is at risk due to migration dynamics.
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| 5. |
- Jurasinski, Gerald, et al.
(författare)
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From Understanding to Sustainable Use of Peatlands : The WETSCAPES Approach
- 2020
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Ingår i: SOIL SYSTEMS. - : MDPI. - 2571-8789. ; 4:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Of all terrestrial ecosystems, peatlands store carbon most effectively in long-term scales of millennia. However, many peatlands have been drained for peat extraction or agricultural use. This converts peatlands from sinks to sources of carbon, causing approx. 5% of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect and additional negative effects on other ecosystem services. Rewetting peatlands can mitigate climate change and may be combined with management in the form of paludiculture. Rewetted peatlands, however, do not equal their pristine ancestors and their ecological functioning is not understood. This holds true especially for groundwater-fed fens. Their functioning results from manifold interactions and can only be understood following an integrative approach of many relevant fields of science, which we merge in the interdisciplinary project WETSCAPES. Here, we address interactions among water transport and chemistry, primary production, peat formation, matter transformation and transport, microbial community, and greenhouse gas exchange using state of the art methods. We record data on six study sites spread across three common fen types (Alder forest, percolation fen, and coastal fen), each in drained and rewetted states. First results revealed that indicators reflecting more long-term effects like vegetation and soil chemistry showed a stronger differentiation between drained and rewetted states than variables with a more immediate reaction to environmental change, like greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Variations in microbial community composition explained differences in soil chemical data as well as vegetation composition and GHG exchange. We show the importance of developing an integrative understanding of managed fen peatlands and their ecosystem functioning.
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| 7. |
- Wenink, Mark H., et al.
(författare)
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The inhibitory Fc gamma IIb receptor dampens TLR4-mediated immune responses and is selectively up-regulated on dendritic cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients with quiescent disease
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Immunology. - : The American Association of Immunologists. - 0022-1767 .- 1550-6606. ; 183:7, s. 4509-4520
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease leading to profound disability and premature death. Although a role for FcgammaRs and TLRs is accepted, their precise involvement remains to be elucidated. FcgammaRIIb is an inhibitory FcR important in the maintenance of tolerance. We hypothesized that the inhibitory FcgammaRIIb inhibits TLR responses on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) and serves as a counterregulatory mechanism to dampen inflammation, and we surmised that this mechanism might be defective in RA. The expression of the inhibitory FcgammaRIIb was found to be significantly higher on DCs from RA patients having low RA disease activity in the absence of treatment with antirheumatic drugs. The expression of activating FcgammaRs was similarly distributed among all RA patients and healthy controls. Intriguingly, only DCs with a high expression of FcgammaRIIb were able to inhibit TLR4-mediated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines when stimulated with immune complexes. In addition, when these DCs were coincubated with the combination of a TLR4 agonist and immune complexes, a markedly inhibited T cell proliferation was apparent, regulatory T cell development was promoted, and T cells were primed to produce high levels of IL-13 compared with stimulation of the DCs with the TLR4 agonist alone. Blocking FcgammaRIIb with specific Abs fully abrogated these effects demonstrating the full dependence on the inhibitory FcgammaRIIb in the induction of these phenomena. This TLR4-FcgammaRIIb interaction was shown to dependent on the PI3K and Akt pathway.
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