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- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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| 2. |
- Berglund, Örjan, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon capture efficiency, yield, nutrient uptake and trafficability of different grass species on a cultivated peat soil
- 2019
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Ingår i: CATENA. - : Elsevier BV. - 0341-8162. ; 173, s. 175-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Loss of organic matter from cultivated peat soils is a threat to farmers, due to the surface subsidence associated with organic matter loss, and to the atmosphere, due to CO2 and N2O emissions from the soil. In a three-year field experiment (2015-2017) on a drained, cultivated fen peat in southern Sweden, we tested whether reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) perform better on peat soils than the commonly grown timothy grass (Phleurn pratense L.), without increasing greenhouse gas emissions. In the experiment, we compared yield, nutrient uptake, penetration resistance and loss of organic matter measured as greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O and CH4). Yield of timothy was significantly lower than that of reed canary grass and tall fescue in 2016, and lower than that of reed canary grass in 2017. Yield level increased over time, with total dry matter yield in 2017 of 11.7 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) for timothy, 13.5 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) for tall fescue and 14.3 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) for reed canary grass. Total removal of all macronutrients in 2016 was higher in reed canary grass and tall fescue than in timothy. For nitrogen (N), reed canary grass removed a total of 173 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), tall fescue 169 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) and timothy 121 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), while the fertilisation rate was only 50 kg N ha(-1). There were no differences in trafficability, measured as penetration resistance. Measurements of greenhouse gas emissions in the snow-free season in 2016 and 2017 using manual dark chambers (CO2, N2O and CH4) and in 2016 automatic dark chambers (CO2) revealed only small differences in CO2 emissions between the treatments. The N2O emissions were also low and CH4 emissions were very low and in general negative. The estimated carbon capture efficiency (ratio of C in aboveground biomass plus roots to emitted CO2-C measured by the automatic chambers) for the growing season (May-October) in 2016 was lowest for timothy (0.61) and higher for reed canary grass and tall fescue (0.70 and 0.70, respectively). Reed canary grass and tall fescue are thus promising alternatives to timothy on peat soils regarding yield, nutrient removal and carbon capture efficiency.
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| 3. |
- Berglund, Örjan, et al.
(författare)
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Compaction of cultivated peat soils, how does it affect GHG emissions and yield?
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- <p>Objective: GHG emissions from cultivated peat soils can be substantial. Soil compaction by vehicular traffic alters aeration and water flow affecting gas flow and microbial activity. In tropical peatlands, compaction has sometimes been shown to reduce CO2 emissions. This project investigated how GHG emissions from cultivated peat soils in Sweden are affected by compaction using field and laboratory experiments.</p><p>Methods: In a long-term field trial, GHG emission and yield from compacted and non-compacted plots growing timothy, reed canary grass, and tall fescue on peat soil have been measured. Compaction in the field has been done by using a tractor with a total weight of 9640 kg. Compact density, penetration resistance, GHG emissions and yield in the different treatments were compared. In the lab, peat soil in steel cylinders were compacted using a uniaxial compression machine with defined stresses of 100, 200 and 300 kPa. GHG emissions were measured before, during and after compression.</p><p>Key results: Compact density of the peat soil changed for all crops, but the effect was just present in timothy one year after the compaction. In the lab, N2O emission increased with compaction, and CO2 emission decreased.&#160;</p><p>Conclusions:&#160; Compaction can alter the pore size distribution in the soil affecting GHG emissions. In this project, we found lower CO2 emissions from compacted peat but sometimes higher N2O emissions. Plots with reed canary grass and tall fescue were less affected by compaction than timothy, which is the traditional crop grown in the area.</p>
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| 7. |
- Berglund, Örjan, et al.
(författare)
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Vallodling på torvjord – skördenivåer och växthusgasavgång
- 2023
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Ingår i: Report from the Department of Crop Production Ecology (VPE). - 1653-5375. ; , s. 161-164
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Avkastning och växthusgasavgång på odlad kärrtorvjord har studerats 2015–2022 på Broddbo fältlaboratorium, ca 25 km NNV Uppsala. Behandlingarna inkluderar jämförelser av olika gräs (timotej, rörflen och rörsvingel), packning med traktor eller opackad mark. Dessutom har tillförsel av gjuterisand eller kalk studerats samt olika nivåer av kalium- och fosforgödsel. Avkastningen har ökat med vallens ålder och trots torkan 2018 levererade dessa jordar stor avkastning. Störst avkastning i gräsjämförelsen gav rörflen med över 15 ton ts/ha. I sandförsöket blev det störst minskning av koldioxidemissioner på de sandkörda leden. Skörden av timotej blev stor (över 17 ton ts/ha) när 2,5 cm sand blandats in i ytan.
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| 8. |
- Daverkosen, Lærke Lil Munck, et al.
(författare)
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The potential of regenerative agriculture to improve soil health on Gotland, Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. - : Wiley. - 1436-8730 .- 1522-2624.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Regenerative agriculture has gained attention in mainstream media, academic literature, and international politics in recent years. While many practices and outcomes relate to RA, there is no uniform definition of the term, and only a few comprehensive scientific studies exist of "real-life" farms and the complexity of what is considered regenerative management and its impact on soil health. Aims This study aimed to relate the impact of single and various combinations of regenerative management practices to soil health indicators on Gotland, Sweden. Methods Soil health of 17 farm fields and six gardens was assessed on 11 farms that had applied regenerative agricultural practices for zero to 30 years. We measured a variety of physical (bulk density , infiltration rate, wet aggregate stability, root depth and abundance, penetration resistance), chemical (pH, electric conductivity, C:N ratio, total organic carbon ) and biological (earthworm abundance, active carbon, microbial biomass carbon) soil indicators. These parameters were related to regenerative practices (reduced tillage, application of organic matter , livestock integration, crop diversity, and share of legumes and perennials) through a combination of hierarchical clustering, Analysis of Variance and Tukey's tests, principal component analysis, and multiple linear regressions. Results At our study sites, the application of organic matter had a positive impact on bulk density, carbon-related parameters, wet aggregate stability, and infiltration rate, while reduced tillage and increased share of perennials combined had a positive impact on vegetation density, root abundance and depth, and wet aggregate stability. The field plots were divided into four clusters according to their management, and we found significantly higher values of total organic carbon (*), C:N (*), infiltration rate (**), and earthworm abundance (*) for crop-high-org-input, the management cluster with highest values of organic matter application and no tillage. We found significantly higher values of vegetation density (***) and root abundance (**) for perm-cover-livestock, the cluster with no tillage, integration of livestocks, and permanent cover (*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, degrees p > 0.1). Conclusions We support existing knowledge on positive impacts of regenerative practices, namely, the addition of an organic amendment that improved C-related parameters, as well as the positive effects on soil structure of reduced tillage in combination with an increased share of perennials. We argue for an outcome-based, and principle-led concept of RA as a context-dependent agricultural approach.
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| 10. |
- Falster, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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AusTraits, a curated plant trait database for the Australian flora
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : Nature Portfolio. - 2052-4463. ; 8:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We introduce the AusTraits database - a compilation of values of plant traits for taxa in the Australian flora (hereafter AusTraits). AusTraits synthesises data on 448 traits across 28,640 taxa from field campaigns, published literature, taxonomic monographs, and individual taxon descriptions. Traits vary in scope from physiological measures of performance (e.g. photosynthetic gas exchange, water-use efficiency) to morphological attributes (e.g. leaf area, seed mass, plant height) which link to aspects of ecological variation. AusTraits contains curated and harmonised individual- and species-level measurements coupled to, where available, contextual information on site properties and experimental conditions. This article provides information on version 3.0.2 of AusTraits which contains data for 997,808 trait-by-taxon combinations. We envision AusTraits as an ongoing collaborative initiative for easily archiving and sharing trait data, which also provides a template for other national or regional initiatives globally to fill persistent gaps in trait knowledge.
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