| 1. |
- Andersson, Linus, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Neurocognitive processes underlying heuristic and normative probability judgments
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : ELSEVIER. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 196, s. 1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Judging two events in combination (A&B) as more probable than one of the events (A) is known as a conjunction fallacy. According to dual-process explanations of human judgment and decision making, the fallacy is due to the application of a heuristic, associative cognitive process. Avoiding the fallacy has been suggested to require the recruitment of a separate process that can apply normative rules. We investigated these assumptions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during conjunction tasks. Judgments, whether correct or not, engaged a network of brain regions identical to that engaged during similarity judgments. Avoidance of the conjunction fallacy additionally, and uniquely, involved a fronto-parietal network previously linked to supervisory, analytic control processes. The results lend credibility to the idea that incorrect probability judgments are the result of a representativeness heuristic that requires additional neurocognitive resources to avoid.
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| 2. |
- Bartusch, Cajsa, et al.
(författare)
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Elkonsumenters drivkrafter för en ökad förbrukningsflexibilitet : Hushålls attityder och anpassningar till en tidsdifferentierad och effektbaserad elnätstariff
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- De estimerade effekterna av en tidsdifferentierad och effektbaserad elnätstariff, i form av förändrade elkonsumtionsmönster, är förhållandevis marginella och begränsade till hushåll som bor i villa. Resultaten tyder på att villaägarna i Sollentuna, som ett led i sin anpassning av elanvändningen till effekttariffen, har minskat sin elanvändning under höglasttid med 2,3 och 1,2 procent under sommar- respektive vintermånaderna i jämförelse med referensgruppen i Saltsjö-Boo. Det finns inget som tyder på en liknande effekt bland bostadsrätter och motsvarande analyser avseende hyresrätter har inte varit möjliga med anledning av att referensgruppen i det här fallet inte var representativ.Resultaten indikerar vidare att effekttariffer tydligt påverkar hushålls attityder och intentioner att flytta elanvändning från hög- till låglasttid, men att dessa inte återspeglas i deras faktiska beteende. Det finns således endast ett svagt samband mellan förekomsten av effekttariff och andelen el som förbrukas under hög- respektive låglasttid bland de hushåll som omfattades av studien. De psykologiska faktorer som har störst betydelse för om, och i så fall i vilken utsträckning, hushållen anpassar sin elanvändning till en effekttariff i det här avseendet är de förväntade konsekvenserna av, och därmed attityden till, den aktuella beteendeförändringen samt den upplevda graden av kontroll över densamma. Mer konkret innebär det att ekonomiska besparingar samt positiva effekter för miljö, klimatförändringar och en hållbar utveckling för yngre och kommande generationer utgör de viktigaste drivkrafterna, medan omständigheten att man anser sin elförbrukning vara i princip obefintlig, eller att man redan idag använder i stort sett all el under låglasttid utgör de största hindren, för att anpassa sin elanvändning till effekttariffen.De skillnader som har observerats avseende såväl drivkrafter som faktiskt beteende är genomgående större mellan de olika boendeformerna än de båda områdena, det vill säga skillnaderna som beror på om hushållen har en effekttariff eller inte, vilket tyder på att man bör anpassa affärsmodeller för ökad förbrukningsflexibilitet till olika hushållskategorier. Denna slutsats bekräftas av en klusteranalys och påföljande segmentering, som identifierade sex för ändamålet relevanta och heterogena grupper av hushåll inom varje boendeformskategori.Slutsatsen som har dragits är således att viljan finns där, men att de önskade effekterna uteblir. Potentialen är med andra ord stor, men vi behöver mer sofistikerade affärsmodeller för att realisera den.
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| 3. |
- Bartusch, Cajsa, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Opening the black box of demand response : Exploring the cognitive processes
- 2024
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaluations of price-based demand response programs tend to focus on users' electricity use patterns and/or their practical experiences. Less is known about the effects that price-based demand response programs have on cognitive drivers and barriers to energy-using behaviors and habits, or how well these predict timing of households' electricity use. This study seeks to address this gap by evaluating the effects of a mandatory demand-based time-of-use distribution tariff, using electricity-meter and questionnaire data in an intervention and a reference area, and a structural equation model following the theory of planned behavior. Although no effect was found of the tariff on the actual proportion of peak-hour use, there were significant effects on users’ intentions and motivations to shift electricity use to off-peak hours. The absence of effect on the proportion of peak-hour use seems explained by the facts that only a minority of consumers were aware of their tariffs, and by the (at least partially correct) beliefs that consumers used very little electricity and most of it was already used in off-peak hours. The relationships between intentions, drivers and the actual proportion of peak-hour use were stronger in the intervention area, compared to the reference area. Interestingly, this was true not only for the motivation targeted by the tariff, economic savings, but also for sustainability concerns and social norms. This suggests that effects of the tariff may partly run via other non-monetary motivators.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Blåvarg, Christina
(författare)
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The alluring nature of episodic odor memory : Sensory and cognitive correlates across age and sex
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Episodic memory for olfactory information is still relatively uncharted. The overall purpose of this thesis is to investigate the sensory and cognitive causes of the well-established age-related decline in olfactory episodic odor memory and of the age-independent sex difference in olfactory episodic memory. The purpose of Study I was to investigate the causes of the sex difference in olfactory episodic memory. The results show that the female advantage in episodic recognition memory seems to be explained by women´s higher aptitude in odor identification for familiar odors. With this background, the purpose of Study II was to investigate the age-related decline in olfactory episodic memory, with a particular eye to the role of odor identification. When controlling for the sensory variables olfactory threshold and odor quality discrimination, and the cognitive factor mental speed, the age-related deterioration in odor identification was eliminated. This suggests that changes in basic sensory and cognitive abilities underlie the age-related impairment in odor identification. The purpose of Study III was to investigate the role of recollective experience and intention to memorize for age-related and sex-related differences in episodic odor memory. Younger adults reported more experiences of remembering, and the elderly adults more experiences of feeling of knowing. The participants benefited from intentionality at encoding when the odors were unfamiliar, but intentionality did not affect memory for the familiar odors. The purpose of Study IV was to investigate the role of subjectively perceived qualities of the encoded odors for episodic memory across age and sex. Odors perceived as unpleasant, intense, and irritable were more easily remembered throughout the adult life span. The oldest adults selectively recognized the odors they rated as highly irritable indicating compensatory use of trigeminal activation. Overall, the result suggests that episodic odor memory rely heavily on both sensory and cognitive abilities, but in a different manner depending on demographic factors. The age-related decline appears to be driven by a sensory flattening disabling adequate cognitive processing. The age-independent sex difference on the other hand, is mainly cognitively mediated and driven by cognitive factors such as the ability to verbalize olfactory information.
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| 6. |
- Collsiöö, August, et al.
(författare)
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Is numerical information always beneficial? : Verbal and numerical cue-integration in additive and non-additive tasks
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When people use rule-based integration of abstracted cues to make multiple-cue judgments they tend to default to linear additive integration of the cues, which may interfere with efficient learning in non-additive tasks. We hypothesize that this effect becomes especially pronounced when cues are presented numerically rather than verbally, because numbers elicit expectations about a task with a simple numerical solution that can be appropriately addressed by linear and additive integration. This predicts that, relative to a verbal format, a numerical format should be advantageous for learning in additive tasks, but detrimental for learning in non-additive tasks. In two experiments, we find support for the hypothesis that a verbal format can improve learning in non-additive tasks. The division-of-labor between cognitive processes observed in previous research (Juslin et al., 2008), with cue abstraction in additive tasks and exemplar memory in non-additive tasks, was only present in conditions with numeric information and may therefore in part be driven by the use of numeric formats. This illustrates how surface characteristic of stimuli can elicit different priors about the nature of the variables and the generative model that produced the cues and the criterion. We fitted cue-abstraction and exemplar algorithms by PNP-modeling (Sundh et al., 2021). At the end of training both cue abstraction and exemplar memory processes primarily involved exact analytic processes marred by occasional error, rather than the noisy and approximate intuitive processes typically assumed in previous studies – specifically, cue abstraction was primarily implemented by number crunching and exemplar memory by rote memorization.
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| 7. |
- Collsiöö, August, et al.
(författare)
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Unpacking Intuitive and Analytic Memory Sampling in Multiple-Cue Judgment
- 2023
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Ingår i: Sampling in Judgment and Decision Making. - : Cambridge University Press. - 9781009002042 ; , s. 177-204
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cognitive models that assume that judgments are based on processes of sampling from memory have a long history in psychology and take a variety of forms, but the exact cognitive interpretations of them differ, are unclear, or remain elusive. Using the Precise/Not Precise (PNP) model (Sundh et al., 2021) we have revived an old approach to intuition and analyses, originally proposed by Egon Brunswik (1956). The model is based on the distinction between analytic algorithms that usually yield the same exact output and approximate intuitive algorithms that are rarely far off the mark but are inevitably perturbed by a random noise. The PNP model distinguishes intuitive and analytic processes depending on the error distributions around the model estimates. By combining the PNP model with specific cognitive algorithms, one can determine if analytic or intuitive cognitive processes implement the cognitive algorithms. In this chapter, we argue that also the memory sampling processes observed in multiple-cue judgments, characterized by good fit of the Generalized Context Model (Nosofsky, 2015), come in two different forms: one that involves analytic application of root-memorized individual exemplars and one that involves a noisy similarity-based inference about the likely criterion. We demonstrate that different parameterizations of the Generalized Context Model naturally imply response distributions that realize the distinction implied by the PNP model. With data from multiple-cue judgment, we show how the PNP model identifies, not only intuitive and analytic rule-based processes, but also processes of memory sampling with the empirical hallmarks of intuition and analysis.
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| 8. |
- El Gohary, Fouad, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating user understanding and exposure effects of demand-based tariffs
- 2022
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conventionally, demand response functions by communicating to electricity users through price signals embedded in their tariffs. These signals are intended to encourage a change in behavior, which hinges on the ability of users to understand their tariff and link it to the appropriate curtailment actions. This study focuses on demand-based tariffs, evaluating user's understanding of these tariffs and the conceptual grasp of power (rate of energy consumption) that they implicitly require. It also explores whether users exposed to these tariffs for extended periods develop a better understanding of them. Using a survey, the following points are sequentially evaluated: (1) Respondents' abilities to intuitively distinguish between energy/power (2) Their understanding of the different effects of curtailment actions under four distinct tariffs (3) Whether those subject to demand-based pricing outperform those subject to energy-based pricing. Despite a weaker conceptual understanding of power compared to energy, there were no significant differences between respondents' understanding of energy and demand-based tariffs. Comparing those subject to energy and demand-based pricing reveals that a majority were unaware of their own tariff (and hence which group they fall into), but for the minority of users who correctly identified their own tariffs, those subject to demand-based pricing outperform their energy-based counterparts. When presented with clear and instructive tariffs, respondents are largely able to deduce the consequences of curtailment actions, despite a weak conceptual understanding of power. A deeper problem is that the price signal may be entirely disregarded by an apathetic majority, reaching only an inquisitive minority.
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| 9. |
- El Gohary, Fouad, et al.
(författare)
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Getting the signal : Do electricity users meet the preconditions for making informed decisions on demand response?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Energy Research & Social Science. - : Elsevier. - 2214-6296 .- 2214-6326. ; 100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Demand response refers to changes in power consumption by electricity users in response to certain conditions on the electricity market. Anticipated to play a major role in the energy transition, demand response is conventionally exercised through network tariffs, which serve as a medium for price signals intended to incentivize and guide electricity users on how to best behave. Considerable attention has been devoted to the unresolved question of whether users are willing to respond to these signals, a question premised on the implicit assumption of cognizant users making informed decisions. Less attention has been dedicated to evaluating the validity of this assumption, and the extent to which users actually internalize these signals prior to making any decision on how to respond. This study posits that prior to making an informed decision on how to act, an electricity user must first “qualify” through meeting a set of preconditions. These preconditions are captured by a proposed three-stage framework that involves i) receiving the price signal (being aware of the tariff), ii) processing the price signal (comprehending its features) and iii) assimilating the price signal (understanding how behavior influences costs). Evaluating this framework using a survey, the study finds that only 3.8–8.5 % of respondents clear all three stages. This minority is substantially more likely to contain older villa-residents, who are comparatively more concerned with their costs and read their bills more frequently. The findings of this study demonstrate that the “audience” of tariff-based price signals are a small fraction of what is commonly supposed, and that research and policy should shift from a dominant focus on the magnitude of these price signals, towards alternative or improved strategies for communication and engagement.
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| 10. |
- Elwin, Ebba, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Constructivist Coding : Learning from Selective Feedback
- 2007
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 18:2, s. 105-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although much learning in real-life environments relies on highly selective feedback about outcomes, virtually all cognitive models of learning, judgment, and categorization assume complete and representative feedback. We investigated empirically the effect of selective feedback on decision making and how people code experience with selective feedback. The results showed that, in contrast to a commonly raised concern, performance was not impaired following learning with selective and biased feedback. Furthermore, even in a simple decision task, the experience that people acquired was not a mere recording of the observed outcomes, but rather a reconstruction from general task knowledge.
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