| 1. |
- Rowiński, Piotr K., et al.
(författare)
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Warming alters the body shape of European perch Perca fluviatilis
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Fish Biology. - : Wiley. - 0022-1112 .- 1095-8649. ; 87:5, s. 1234-1247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The consequences of elevated temperature on body shape were investigated by comparing European perch Perca fluviatilis from the Forsmark area of the Baltic Sea to P. fluviatilis from a nearby Biotest enclosure. The Biotest is a man-made enclosure within the Baltic Sea that has received warm water from a nuclear power plant since 1980, resulting in temperatures that are elevated 5-10 degrees C relative to the surrounding Baltic Sea. Sampled fish ranged from young-of-the-year to 14years. Geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistical analysis revealed significant morphological differences between individuals of P. fluviatilis from these two habitats. Most importantly, relative shape changed with size, with small individuals of P. fluviatilis from Biotest being characterized by a deeper body shape and a larger caudal peduncle than the smaller Baltic individuals. In large specimens, smaller differences were found with Biotest individuals being more slender than Baltic individuals. These results show that, in order to have a full understanding of the biological effects of elevated temperatures, studies that cover the entire size range of organisms will be important. Apart from the direct influence of temperature on growth rate and body shape, other ecological factors affected by temperature are discussed as possible contributors to the observed differences between the two populations.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Castejón-Silvo, I., et al.
(författare)
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Increased energy expenditure is an indirect effect of habitat structural complexity loss
- 2021
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Ingår i: Functional Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0269-8463 .- 1365-2435. ; 35:10, s. 2316-2328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The deterioration of coastal habitats cascades to the decline of associated fauna by reducing trophic resource availability, shelter from predators and nursery grounds. The decline of biogenic habitat structure, such as in kelp forests, coral reefs, mangroves or seagrass beds, often causes a local increase in water flow velocity and wave exposure. The impact of this change in hydrodynamics on the energy expenditure of animals is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that loss of seagrass beds increases water current velocity, which impacts associated pipefishes through increased energy expenditure. We correlated ventilation frequency with metabolic rate in four pipefish species, to be able to estimate metabolic rates in free-swimming fish. Using a hydrodynamic flume, we then experimentally tested the effect of current velocity and substrate (seagrass or sand) on ventilation frequency and behaviour. Ventilation frequency was consistently higher when they swam on sand substratum compared to seagrass substratum for all species, and this was especially noticeable for the species with prehensile tails (i.e. Nerophis ophidion). Seagrass canopies reduced flow velocities by 7%–44%, which increased the overall current exposure that pipefish tolerated. N. ophidion, Syngnathus rostellatus and Syngnathus typhle showed two behavioural responses to currents: holding on to the seagrass canopy, and moving to areas where the current was lower (i.e. bottom) in trials without seagrass. Most of the individuals of all species were unable to maintain position in velocities of 15–18cm/s on sand substratum. In this work, we demonstrate the reliance on seagrass hydrodynamic shelter of four species of pipefish. Among them, N. ophidion showed the highest seagrass shelter dependence and vulnerability, while S. rostellatus and S. typhle are potentially more resilient to vegetation changes. Increased energy expenditure is thus another impact on fishes as seagrass beds and other structural habitats continue to decline in coastal areas. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. © 2021 The Authors. Functional Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society
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| 4. |
- Clements, J. C., et al.
(författare)
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Animal size and sea water temperature, but not pH, influence a repeatable startle response behaviour in a wide-ranging marine mollusc
- 2021
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Ingår i: Animal Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-3472. ; 173, s. 191-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Startle response behaviours are important in predator avoidance and escape for a wide array of animals. For many marine invertebrates, however, startle response behaviours are understudied, and the effects of global change stressors on these responses are unknown. We exposed two size classes of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis x trossulus) to different combinations of temperature (15 and 19 degrees C) and pH (8.2 and 7.5 pH(T)) for 3 months and subsequently measured individual time to open following a tactile predator cue (i.e. startle response time) over a series of four consecutive trials. Time to open was highly repeatable in the short term and decreased linearly across the four trials. Individuals from the larger size class had a shorter time to open than their smaller-sized counterparts. High temperature increased time to open compared to low temperature, while pH had no effect. These results suggest that bivalve time to open is repeatable, related to relative vulnerability to predation and affected by temperature. Given that increased closure times impact feeding and respiration, the effect of temperature on closure duration may play a role in the sensitivity to ocean warming in this species and contribute to ecosystem level effects. (C) 2020 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Clements, J. C., et al.
(författare)
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Roll, right, repeat: short-term repeatability in the self-righting behaviour of a cold-water sea cucumber
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0025-3154 .- 1469-7769. ; 100:1, s. 115-120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For many benthic marine invertebrates, inversion (being turned upside-down) is a common event that can increase vulnerability to predation, desiccation and unwanted spatial transport, and requires behavioural 'self-righting' to correct. While self-righting behaviour has been studied for more than a century, the repeatability (R) - the portion of behavioural variance due to inter-individual differences - of this trait is not well understood. Heritability and the evolution of animal behaviour rely on behavioural repeatability. Here, we examined the self-righting technique of a cold-water holothurid, Parastichopus tremulus, and assessed the repeatability of this behaviour. Under laboratory conditions, P. tremulus consistently used muscle contractions to curl its body and roll itself back to an upright position, which provided for rapid (x +/- SD = 96.7 +/- 49.8 s) and highly repeatable (R = 0.75) self-righting in the short term that varied between individuals (range of individual average righting times = 34.8-217.0 s). Righting time tended to increase with animal size; however, substantial variation was evident at comparable sizes, as average righting time ranged from 34.8-155.5 s for animals similar to 20 cm in body length. Contrary to previous studies on other echinoderms, we found no evidence of improved righting times for P. tremulus over time. This study ultimately provides the first detailed documentation of self-righting behaviour for P. tremulus and suggests that this species displays a high degree of repeatability for this trait in the short term.
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| 6. |
- Clements, J. C., et al.
(författare)
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"Urchin pinning": Behavioural observations reveal how hungry urchins actively prey upon their sea star predators
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ethology. - : Wiley. - 0179-1613 .- 1439-0310. ; 127:6, s. 484-489
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) are dominant components of benthic ecosystems that form aggregations and can transform entire kelp forests into barren systems. While these urchins are known to unwittingly consume practically anything in their path while grazing, detailed descriptions of active predatory behaviour on known predators (i.e., predator-prey reversal) are undocumented. Here, we use laboratory observations to describe the behavioural tactics used by starved S. droebachiesis to actively attack and consume sea stars, Crossaster papposus-a known predator of S. droebachiensis. We observed urchins preying on three separate sea stars, with one being substantially consumed by urchins within 24 hr. Urchins exhibited a direct mode of attack on sea stars by individually mounting and consuming the tips of the arms. Interestingly, we did not observe any conflict between individual urchins for attacking the sea star despite there being approximate to 80 starving urchins in the tank (and only 10-12 arms on the sea stars). Some sea stars did not attempt to escape urchin predation at all, while others attempted to escape by fleeing and lifting arms on top of the urchins. Given that sensory perception in sea stars is largely derived from the arm tips, we suggest that urchins directly attack and consume many sea star arm tips in an attempt to "pin" sea stars before consuming them. As such, we term this predatory behaviour "urchin pinning." These observations ultimately provide the first detailed behavioural documentation of how urchins actively prey on a known predator and provide a basis for a wealth of future research.
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| 7. |
- Ekström, Andreas, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Chronic environmental warming alters cardiovascular and haematological stress responses in European perch (Perca fluviatilis)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Physiology B-Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0174-1578 .- 1432-136X. ; 186:8, s. 1023-1031
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental warming and acute stress increase cardiorespiratory activity in ectothermic animals like fish. While thermal acclimation can buffer the direct thermal effects on basal cardiorespiratory function during chronic warming, little is known about how acclimation affects stress-induced cardiorespiratory responses. We compared cardiovascular and haematological responses to chasing stress in cannulated wild European perch (Perca fluviatilis) from a reference area at natural temperature (16 A degrees C) with perch from the 'Biotest enclosure'; an experimental system chronically warmed (22 A degrees C) by effluents from a nuclear power plant. Routine blood pressure was similar, but Biotest perch had slightly higher resting heart rate (59.9 +/- 2.8 vs 51.3 +/- 2.9 beats min(-1)), although the Q (10) for heart rate was 1.3, indicating pronounced thermal compensation. Chasing stress caused hypertension and a delayed tachycardia in both groups, but the maximum heart rate increase was 2.5-fold greater in Biotest fish (43.3 +/- 4.3 vs 16.9 +/- 2.7 beats min(-1)). Moreover, the pulse pressure response after stress was greater in reference fish, possibly due to the less pronounced tachycardia or a greater ventricular pressure generating capacity and thermally mediated differences in aortic compliance. Baseline haematological status was also similar, but after chasing stress, the haematocrit was higher in Biotest fish due to exacerbated red blood cell swelling. This study highlights that while eurythermal fishes can greatly compensate routine cardiorespiratory functions through acclimation processes, stress-induced responses may still differ markedly. This knowledge is essential when utilising cardiorespiratory variables to quantify and compare stress responses across environmental temperatures, and to forecast energetic costs and physiological constraints in ectothermic animals under global warming.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Lai, F., et al.
(författare)
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Altered neurotransmitter function in CO2-exposed stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus): A temperate model species for ocean acidification research
- 2015
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Ingår i: Conservation Physiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2051-1434. ; 3:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies on the consequences of ocean acidification for the marine ecosystem have revealed behavioural changes in coral reef fishes exposed to sustained near-future CO2 levels. The changes have been linked to altered function of GABAergic neurotransmitter systems, because the behavioural alterations can be reversed rapidly by treatment with the GABAA receptor antagonist gabazine. Characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved would be greatly aided if these can be examined in a well-characterized model organism with a sequenced genome. It was recently shown that CO2-induced behavioural alterations are not confined to tropical species, but also affect the three-spined stickleback, although an involvement of the GABAA receptor was not examined. Here, we show that loss of lateralization in the stickleback can be restored rapidly and completely by gabazine treatment. This points towards a worrying universality of disturbed GABAA function after high-CO2 exposure in fishes from tropical to temperate marine habitats. Importantly, the stickleback is a model species with a sequenced and annotated genome, which greatly facilitates future studies on underlying molecular mechanisms. © The Author 2015.
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| 10. |
- Näslund, Joacim, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioural responses to simulated bird attacks in marine three-spined sticklebacks after exposure to high CO2 levels
- 2015
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Ingår i: Marine and Freshwater Research. - : CSIRO Publishing. - 1323-1650. ; 66:10, s. 877-885
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rising partial pressure of CO2 (pCO(2)) in oceanic water, termed ocean acidification, is an impending threat to marine life and has previously been reported to affect several aspects of fish behaviour. We evaluated the behavioural response to a simulated avian predator attack and lateralisation in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) after 10 and 20 days of exposure to present day pCO(2) (400atm) or elevated pCO(2) (1000atm). We show that elevated pCO(2) lead to reduced behavioural lateralisation. However, no major differences in the sheltering response after an overhead avian attack were observed; fish from both treatments exhibited similar and strong responses. Compared with fish exposed to high pCO(2), the control fish took longer time to freeze (i.e. stop moving) after attack at Day 20 but not Day 10. The freezing duration was significantly reduced between Day 10 and Day 20 in elevated pCO(2), whereas no such reduction was observed in the control-group. However, no significant differences between treatment groups were detected at Day 20. These results demonstrate that behaviour is indeed altered by high CO2 levels, although the general responses to avian predation stimuli remain similar to those of unexposed fish, indicating that some predator avoidance behaviours of three-spined sticklebacks are robust to environmental disturbance.
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