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- Stamey, T. A., et al.
(författare)
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Tumor markers. Consensus Conference on Diagnosis and Prognostic Parameters in Localized Prostate Cancer. Stockholm, Sweden, May 12-13, 1993
- 1994
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, Supplement. - 0300-8886. ; :162, s. 73-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter mainly deals with biochemical aspects on prostate specific antigen (PSA) and its clinical value. To a limited extent, also other tumor markers, which might be of importance in the evaluation of patients with prostate cancer are discussed. In serum, PSA exists in a free form or bound to antichymotrypsin. Interestingly, only 10% of PSA secreted from cancer cells seems to exist in a free form, as compared to 30% of PSA secreted from cells in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PSA seems to be closely, but not absolutely, related to tumor grade and stage. The mean value of PSA in patients with tumors dominated by Gleason grades 3 or below, was 10 ng/ml, compared to 29 ng/ml in those with higher grades. Patients with PSA values of 50 ng/ml or above almost exclusively had tumor of Gleason grades 4 or 5, and this limit usually reflected a generalized disease. Patients with PSA-values below 10 ng/ml almost exclusively had tumors confined to the prostate gland. In countries where screening for prostate cancer is believed in, it is important to understand that normal cut-off values are related to patient's age. The upper normal limit of males below 50 years of age should be set at 2.5 ng/ml, as compared to 6.5 ng/ml for men over 70 years of age. To improve the value of PSA determination and for scientific purposes, the standardization of the assay is urgently needed and under way. Prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) has in most centres been replaced by PSA. An elevated PAP value, as measured by the enzymatic method, invariably indicates a generalized disease and could thus be used as a complementary informative assay to PSA. Other markers have been used mainly to achieve additional prognostic information. In a multivariate analysis, the non-specific tumor marker neopterin, which reflects the host response to tumor antigens, was closely related to short-term prognosis. Neopterin was followed by thymidine kinase, a protein reflecting the cell turn-over and tumor grade. Also PSA at diagnosis seemed to add some prognostic information, whereas other markers did not.
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- Santasalo-Aarnio, Annukka, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of methanol, ethanol and iso-propanol oxidation on Pt and Pd electrodes in alkaline media studied by HPLC
- 2011
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Ingår i: Electrochemistry Communications. ; 13:5, s. 466-469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The oxidation of methanol, ethanol and iso-propanol and their respective product formation on platinum and palladium electrodes in alkaline solution are studied by voltammetry combined with high performance liquid chromatography. The oxidation products observed at platinum are formaldehyde and formate for methanol, acetaldehyde and acetate for ethanol and acetone for iso-propanol oxidation. On palladium, the same products (except formaldehyde) are detected. Palladium appears to be a better catalyst for the selective oxidation of the alcohol group in alkaline media, but as soon as poisoning by adsorbed carbon monoxide plays a significant role, such as in methanol oxidation, platinum is the preferred catalyst.
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- Wanhainen, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Copper and gold distribution at the Aitik deposit, Gällivare area, northern Sweden
- 2003
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Ingår i: Transactions - Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Section B. Applied earth science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0371-7453 .- 1743-2758. ; 112:3, s. 260-267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aitik is a disseminated Cu-Au deposit with an annual production of 18 Mt of ore containing 0·38% copper and 0·22 ppm gold. It is situated in northern Sweden in 1·9 Ga Svecofennian, metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks formed in a volcanic arc environment. The Aitik Deposit entered production in 1968. All geological and geochemical information obtained since then has been used to summarise the distribution pattern for Cu and Au in the deposit. A large-scale vertical metal zoning results from a slight increase of Au with depth. Restricted Cu-rich areas at the surface gradually change into more extensive, medium-grade areas with depth, resulting in approximately the same average Cu content for each level. The vertical metal zoning is accompanied by a lithological change from biotite gneiss to biotite-amphibole gneiss with depth. The mineralised areas trend predominantly north-east and north-south, and plunge north-east (Au) and northnorthwest (Cu). The ore body also shows horizontal metal zoning. A 'high-grade' area (> 0.6% Cu and >. 0.3 ppm Au) of disseminated sulphides is situated in biotite gneiss in the centre of the ore zone. Towards the hanging wall, grades are lower (< 0·4% Cu and < 0·30 ppm Au) and the host rocks are strongly sericite altered, pyrite-rich schists. A 'gold-rich' area (> 0·6 ppm Au) is located within 50 m from the hanging wall, in a residual part of pyrite-rich biotite schist that is strongly K-feldspar, epidote and quartz altered. Another 'gold-rich' area (> 0·6 ppm Au) is situated below 400 m depth on the footwall side of the ore in the northern part of the deposit, where the amphibole content of the host rock is high. Cu-dominated mineralisation is mainly developed close to the footwall side of the ore, where disseminated sulphides and massive veins of chalcopyrite are common. It is suggested that the rich dissemination in the central part of the ore represents the primary mineralisation at Aitik. Later features, such as shear zone related fluid-rock interaction and deformation, caused remobilisation of metals into favourable structural traps, creating local higher-grade zones. The possibility cannot be discounted, however, that the metal distribution has been caused, not only by multistage remobilisation, but also by repeated introduction of metals.
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