| 1. |
- Gontia, Paul, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Material-intensity database of residential buildings: A case-study of Sweden in the international context
- 2018
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 130, s. 228-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Material intensity coefficient (MIC) databases are crucial for bottom-up material stock studies. However, MIC databases are site specific and not available in many countries. For this reason, a MIC database of residential buildings in Sweden was created in this study. As these had not previously been explored, considerable attention was paid to MIC database results, variables and limitations. Next, to contextualize the results, the database was compared and discussed with other studies in other geographical scales and regions. The MIC database is based on (1) specialized architectural-data and (2) densities of construction materials. The study looked at 46 typical residential buildings in Sweden, 12 single-family (SF) and 34 multi-family (MF) structures, built within the time period 1880ö2010. The results show specific trends for material intensity and composition, but also for the mass distribution of different building elements. Additionally, it was shown that the number of floors and the footprint size of a building have a considerable impact on the MICs, especially for buildings with a low number of floors, such as SF structures. Furthermore, when compared to MIC databases from other countries, the study database, which relates to Sweden, shows a higher intensity for wood and steel. Finally, contradictory MIC results for similar geographical regions were highlighted and discussed. This showed that to achieve consistent standardized MIC databases, further analysis of MIC databases for different geographical scales and regions are needed, and this is therefore recommended.
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| 2. |
- Harder, Robin, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Quantification of goods purchases and waste generation at the level of individual households
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 18:2, s. 227-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantifying differences in resource use and waste generation between individual households and exploring the reasons for the variations observed implies the need for disaggregated data on household activities and related physical flows. The collection of disaggregated data for water use, gas use, electricity use, and mobility has been reported in the literature and is normally achieved through sensors and computational algorithms. This study focuses on collecting disaggregated data for goods consumption and related waste generation at the level of individual households. To this end, two data collection approaches were devised and evaluated: (1) triangulating shopping receipt analysis and waste component analysis and (2) tracking goods consumption and waste generation using a smartphone. A case study on two households demonstrated that it is possible to collect quantitative data on goods consumption and related waste generation on a per unit basis for individual households. The study suggested that the type of data collected can be relevant in a number of different research contexts: eco-feedback; user-centered research; living-lab research; and life cycle impacts of household consumption. The approaches presented in this study are most applicable in the context of user-centered or living-lab research. For the other contexts, alternative data sources (e.g., retailers and producers) may be better suited to data collection on larger samples, though at a lesser level of detail, compared with the two data collection approaches devised and evaluated in this study.
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| 3. |
- Jimenez Encarnacion, Divia, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Revealing patterns in household product consumption and sharing: An approach to support urban governance towards a sustainable sharing economy
- 2024
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Ingår i: Sustainable Production and Consumption. - 2352-5509. ; 45, s. 244-264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To accomplish the sustainability potential of the sharing economy (SE), there is a need for proactive governance of the SE. In this paper, we aim to generate knowledge on household product consumption and sharing to support SE governance in Gothenburg City (Sweden). Data from two independent cross-sectional questionnaire surveys were statistically analyzed, which generated insights within 7 product groups covering household durables; and within 20 demographic categories regarding gender, age, dwelling type, education level, family composition, and income. Results were in accordance with the well-known attitude-behavior gaps regarding sustainable practices, though variance was seen for these gaps depending on the product and demographic group considered. The study suggests that, for 2021, clothes were consumed in high amounts (units/year) but there was relatively low interest and participation in sharing them, while the opposite was seen for tools and leisure items. As for demographic groups, men were less likely than women to reduce their consumption through participating in sharing, contrary to respondents with higher education. Governance reflections are included for the highlighted cases, such as investigating the reasons why men are less interested in the SE and in reducing their consumption; and exploring hinders to achieving a critical mass of users and providers in clothes sharing.
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| 4. |
- Kalmykova, Yuliya, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Adsorption materials for removal of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated leachates
- 2006
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Ingår i: proceedings of the 9th International FZK/TNO Conference on Soil-Water Systems, ConSoil 2005, 3-7 October 2005, Bordeaux.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adsorption function and capacities, for heavy metals and selected hydrocarbons, of several low-cost and alternative bio-sorption materials have been investigated. The materials studied were residual products from the forest industry (saw dust, pine bark and fiber ash) and natural materials (peat moss, shrimp shells and seaweed). Batch tests and column experiments were carried out with both artificial solutions and highly contaminated leachate from an industrial landfill. Fiber ashes and peat showed the highest sorption capacity for metals among the materials studied in comparative batch tests. In these tests, artificial single metal solutions in concentration ranges of 1−10 mg/l, and liquid to solid ratios of 20 and 200 were used. The fiber ash removed lead by 99%, copper by 100%, zinc by 99% and chromium by 82%. Peat removed lead by 98%, copper by 94%, zinc by 73% and chromium by 88%. Metal removal from the landfill leachates was also studied in batch tests, where lead was reduced by ash and peat by 99% and 96% respectively, copper by 100% and 92%, zinc by 95% and 33%, cadmium by 88% and 40%. A net release of Al, Cr, Ca, Ba and K from ash was observed, whereas the peat removed chromium by 66% and aluminium by 85%. The lower performance of the adsorbents for complex solutions as real leachates, suggests competitive sorption of ions although the mechanisms of sorption are not yet fully understood.In initial batch studies for organic pollutants, the adsorption for diesel oil by ash and peat was 98% and 97% respectively, 97% and 92 % for the n-alkane C16, and 91% for n-C12 for both materials. Bark adsorbed diesel oil by 83%, and the lower value could be explained by the larger particle size of the bark.Several column tests with peat, a peat-ash mixture and bark have been carried out to investigate the adsorbents’ behavior and sorption capacity under flowing conditions. Both simulated contaminated groundwater and real landfill leachates were used as eluents. Sorption capacities for the metals and break-through volumes of the solutions were obtained. For most of the metals studied (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni) ground peat appeared to be the best adsorbent, both in degree of sorption and service time. The column with peat-ash mixture adsorbed Cd, Ni and Pb to a lower degree, but retained the metals for a longer time than the peat column. The adsorption rate was significantly higher when artificial solutions were used and the metals were adsorbed for a longer time: Cu and Ni for approximately 20% and Zn for 50% longer time. These results point out that laboratory tests can overestimate adsorbent’s performance and experiments should be specific and using real leachates. High iron content showed no effect on the sorption capacity of Cd and Cu, but other metals as Ni, Pb, Zn were sorbed for a shorter time. To better understand the basic mechanisms and processes, column tests need to be complemented with batch tests for basic studies of adsorption and competitive mechanisms.
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| 5. |
- Kalmykova, Yuliya, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Adsorption of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn on Sphagnum peat from solutions with low concentrations
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3336 .- 0304-3894. ; 152:152, s. 885-891
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work investigates adsorption of metal ions on Sphagnum peat from solutions with environmentally relevant concentrations of metals. The peat moss is intended as an alternative, low-cost filter material for contaminated waters. Adsorption of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was studied in batch tests, and adsorption isotherms were determined. The kinetics of adsorption was analyzed using a second-order model and rate constants were calculated. An empirical model for predicting adsorption of metal ions at a given time was derived from these constants. Metal ions were removed in the descending order Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd > Zn. Relationship between the affinities of the metals to the peat active sites with chemical properties for the metals were indicated by the results. In addition, equilibration studies were performed at constant pH and ionic strength. The experimental data fitted the Freundlich equation. Both the uptake of metals and the Freundlich constants increased in line with increasing pH. The Freundlich exponent declined with higher initial concentrations, suggesting adsorption to sites with lower activity.
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| 6. |
- Kalmykova, Yuliya, 1981
(författare)
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Alternative Adsorption Materials for Treatment of Contaminated Waters
- 2006
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis presents a study of adsorbent materials for treatment of contaminated waters and remediation of contaminated soils. Natural and waste product materials showed high adsorption capacity for metals and organic pollutants and proved to be a good alternative to commercial adsorbents.Adsorption of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cr onto peat moss, fibre sludge ash, pine bark, sawdust, shrimp shells and seaweed was studied in batch adsorption systems. Artificial solutions and real landfill leachates were used. All the materials showed high uptake of metals from solutions with a concentration range typical for severely polluted groundwater. The adsorption capacities found for the conditions applied were 1.3 1.8 mgg1. Materials having the highest uptake for metals, including peat moss, fibre sludge ash and bark were further studied in column experiments for possible implementation in treatment of leachate at a landfill. The adsorption capacities for adsorption from the artificial solution were one order of magnitude higher than those for the real leachate. This was attributed to competition between different metals for adsorption sites in the case of the leachate. These results may indicate that laboratory tests with artificial solutions can overestimate the performance of an adsorbent, and that specific experiments using real leachates are needed when a water treatment application is developed. A peat-ash mixture showed lower adsorption capacity than the peat itself, and these materials are suggested to be used separately. The presence of Fe in the solution reduced the adsorption of all studied metals to half the normal. Thus, Fe precipitation is recommended as a pretreatment step.Adsorption of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn in low concentrations onto peat and ash was studied in detail since adsorption mechanisms were suggested to depend on concentration. Kinetic and equilibrium batch adsorption studies were conducted and data complied with a second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model. An empirical model for predicting adsorption of metal ions at a given time was derived from kinetic model constants. Possible mechanisms of adsorption onto biosorbents and mineral surfaces were summarised and suggestions made for the mechanisms of adsorption onto peat and ash. An explanation for the orders of affinity of metal ions to adsorption sites found was proposed on the basis of the chemical properties of the metals.The use of peat and ash in filter beds for contaminated water treatment is discussed. Recommendations are made for the choice of peat material and filter maintenance to provide maximum removal of pollutants and service time of the filter.
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| 7. |
- Kalmykova, Yuliya, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS FOR ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS AND PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS FROM CONTAMINATED LEACHATES
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environmental Technology. ; 29, s. 111-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present work, waste products from forest industries (sawdust, pine bark and fibre sludge ash), as well as some biological materials (peat, shrimp shells and seaweed), have been investigated with respect to their capacities to adsorb metals and hydrocarbons from contaminated waters. Batch and column experiments were carried out with artificial metal ion solutions and contaminated leachates from an industrial landfill. The fibre sludge ash and the Sphagnum peat showed the highest sorption capacities for metals among the materials studied in batch experiments with single-metal solutions. The uptake of metals by the fibre ash for the metals studied was: Cu and Pb 112 µg g-1, Zn 115 µg g-1 and Cr 97 µg g-1. For peat the uptake was: Pb 109 µg g-1, Cu 105 µg g-1, Zn 100 µg g-1 and Cr 99 µg g-1. These materials were also effective in adsorption of diesel oil, and the n-alkanes C16 and C12. Peat and ash adsorbed respectively 36.6 and 36.4 mg g-1 of C12, 1.84 and 1.94 mg g-1 of C16 and for both 0.98 mg g-1 of diesel oil. Bark adsorbed diesel oil to 0.83 mg g-1. In the column experiments, the removal of metals from a contaminated landfill leachate by ash and peat was lower than from artificial solutions with only a few metals. The results suggest interference from other components in the leachates, such as competition of ions for the same active sites. It is quite clear that laboratory tests can overestimate the performance of adsorbents and that experiments should be specific for the intended application. For most of the metals studied in columns, peat appeared to be the best adsorbent, with respect to both sorption capacity and service time. The addition of 10 % by weight of fibre ash to the peat gave higher adsorption capacities for Cd, Ni and Pb but lower for the Cu and Zn.
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| 8. |
- Kalmykova, Yuliya, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Alternative materials for permeable reactive barriers
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 16th Annual AEHS Meeting & West Coast Conference on Soils, Sediments, and Water.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is an increasing interest in the development of in situ methods of contaminated soil and groundwater treatment, such as soil stabilization, permeable reactive barriers and soil bed filters. Because these techniques are passive, their operation and maintenance costs are low. In this study, peat moss has been investigated as a low-cost alternative sorption material for permeable reactive barriers and soil bed filters. Peat moss showed the highest sorption capacity for metals among the alternative products studied in a comparative batch test with bark, sawdust, fiber ashes, shrimp shell and seaweed. Batch tests and column experiments were carried out with both artificial solutions and highly contaminated landfill leachate. All the metals studied (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cr) were removed by peat by more then 70% from single metal artificial solutions in a concentration range of 0,1-10 mgl-1. The lower performance (33-40% for Zn and Cd) of the sorbent for complex solutions, i.e. real leachates, suggests competitive sorption. Freundlich adsorption isotherms were plotted and adsorption evaluated from the Freundlich constants Kf and n. The influence of different factors on sorption onto peat i.e. variation in metal concentrations, pH and competition between metals were investigated. The material used was characterized by measuring dry weight, lost of ignition, grain size distribution, metal and organic content, pH, buffer capacity, conductivity, redox potential, ion exchange capacity, pore size volume, density, hydraulic conductivity among other parameters.The results obtained provide important information on peat moss adsorption capacity under different environmental conditions, which can be used in the design and construction of permeable reactive barriers or soil bed filters.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Kalmykova, Yuliya, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Blast-Furnace Sludge as Sorbent Material for Multi-Metal Contaminated Water
- 2010
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Ingår i: Alliance for Global Sustainability. 9th Highway and Urban Environment Symposium (9HUES). Univ Politecn Madrid, Madrid, SPAIN. JUN 09-11, 2008. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 1571-4780. - 9789048130429 ; 17, s. 307-317
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alternative and waste product materials are much in demand for use as sorbent material for contaminated water due to lower costs as well as the sustainability aspects of recycling industrial waste products. In this project batch tests were carried out to evaluate the capacity of blast-furnace sludge to remove Cd, Cr, Cs, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, V and Zn in multi-metal solutions. The sorption tests were conducted on different metal concentrations and pH values. Old sludge deposited at a landfill was also tested, using real leachate from the landfill area spiked with the multi-metal solutions. The data were evaluated by means of calculations of removal/sorption capacities, construction of Freundlich adsorption isotherms and speciation of the metal forms with CHEAQS software. The mineral composition of the sludge was determined qualitatively using XRD. At pH 7 – 9, the sludge had a high removal capacity for the majority of the specific metals in the multi solutions. The capacity of the old sludge with multi metals in real leachate was lower. The isotherms reveal that sorption could be the main mechanism for the removal of Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni and Pb. At pH
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