| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
- Beal, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
- 2020
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Ingår i: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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| 5. |
- Sampson, Joshua N., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of Heritability and Shared Heritability Based on Genome-Wide Association Studies for 13 Cancer Types
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0027-8874 .- 1460-2105. ; 107:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Studies of related individuals have consistently demonstrated notable familial aggregation of cancer. We aim to estimate the heritability and genetic correlation attributable to the additive effects of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for cancer at 13 anatomical sites. Methods: Between 2007 and 2014, the US National Cancer Institute has generated data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for 49 492 cancer case patients and 34 131 control patients. We apply novel mixed model methodology (GCTA) to this GWAS data to estimate the heritability of individual cancers, as well as the proportion of heritability attributable to cigarette smoking in smoking-related cancers, and the genetic correlation between pairs of cancers. Results: GWAS heritability was statistically significant at nearly all sites, with the estimates of array-based heritability, h(l)(2), on the liability threshold (LT) scale ranging from 0.05 to 0.38. Estimating the combined heritability of multiple smoking characteristics, we calculate that at least 24% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14% to 37%) and 7% (95% CI = 4% to 11%) of the heritability for lung and bladder cancer, respectively, can be attributed to genetic determinants of smoking. Most pairs of cancers studied did not show evidence of strong genetic correlation. We found only four pairs of cancers with marginally statistically significant correlations, specifically kidney and testes (rho = 0.73, SE = 0.28), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and pediatric osteosarcoma (rho = 0.53, SE = 0.21), DLBCL and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (rho = 0.51, SE = 0.18), and bladder and lung (rho = 0.35, SE = 0.14). Correlation analysis also indicates that the genetic architecture of lung cancer differs between a smoking population of European ancestry and a nonsmoking Asian population, allowing for the possibility that the genetic etiology for the same disease can vary by population and environmental exposures. Conclusion: Our results provide important insights into the genetic architecture of cancers and suggest new avenues for investigation.
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| 6. |
- Bhat, Goutam, et al.
(författare)
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NTIRE 2022 Burst Super-Resolution Challenge
- 2022
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Ingår i: 2022 IEEE/CVF CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION WORKSHOPS (CVPRW 2022). - : IEEE. - 9781665487399 - 9781665487405 ; , s. 1040-1060
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Burst super-resolution has received increased attention in recent years due to its applications in mobile photography. By merging information from multiple shifted images of a scene, burst super-resolution aims to recover details which otherwise cannot be obtained using a simple input image. This paper reviews the NTIRE 2022 challenge on burst super-resolution. In the challenge, the participants were tasked with generating a clean RGB image with 4x higher resolution, given a RAW noisy burst as input. That is, the methods need to perform joint denoising, demosaicking, and super-resolution. The challenge consisted of 2 tracks. Track 1 employed synthetic data, where pixel-accurate high-resolution ground truths are available. Track 2 on the other hand used real-world bursts captured from a handheld camera, along with approximately aligned reference images captured using a DSLR. 14 teams participated in the final testing phase. The top performing methods establish a new state-of-the-art on the burst super-resolution task.
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| 7. |
- Du, Hao, et al.
(författare)
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Easily recyclable lithium-ion batteries : Recycling-oriented cathode design using highly soluble LiFeMnPO4 with a water-soluble binder
- 2023
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Ingår i: Battery Energy. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2768-1688 .- 2768-1696. ; 2:4, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is fundamental for resource recovery, reducing energy consumption, decreasing emissions, and minimizing environmental risks. The inherited properties of materials and design are not commonly attributed to the complexity of recycling LIBs and their effects on the recycling process. The state-of-the-art battery recycling methodology consequently suffers from poor recycling efficiency and high consumption from issues with the cathode and the binder material. As a feasibility study, high-energy-density cathode material LiFeMnPO4 with a water-soluble polyacrylic acid (PAA) binder is extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature under oxidant-free conditions. The cathode is wholly leached with high purity and is suitable for reuse. The cathode is easily separated from its constituent materials and reduces material and energy consumption during recycling by 20% and 7%, respectively. This strategy is utilized to fabricate recyclable-oriented LiFeMnPO4/graphite LIBs with a PAA binder and carbon paper current collector. Finally, the limitation of the solubility of the binder is discussed in terms of recycling. This research hopefully provides guidance for recycling-oriented design for the circular economy of the LIB industry.
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| 8. |
- Du, Hao, et al.
(författare)
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Recovery of lithium salt from spent lithium-ion battery by less polar solvent wash and water extraction
- 2023
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Ingår i: Carbon Neutralization. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2769-3325 .- 2769-3325. ; 2:4, s. 416-424
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a potentially valuable resource and a significant environmental pollutant. Unfortunately, most of the LiPF6 in a spent LIB is difficult to extract because the electrolyte is strongly adsorbed by the cathode, anode, and separator. Storing extracted electrolyte is also challenging because it contains LiPF6, which promotes the decomposition of the solvent. Here we show that electrolytes in spent LIBs can be collected by a less polar solvent dimethyl carbonate (DMC) wash, and LiPF6 can be concentrated by simple aqueous extraction by lowering ethylene carbonate (EC) content in the recycled electrolyte. Due to the similar dielectric constant of EC and water, reducing the content of EC in LIB electrolytes, or even eliminating it, facilitates the separation of water and electrolyte, thus enabling the lithium salts in the electrolyte to be separated from the organic solvent. The lithium salt extracting efficiency achieved in this way can be as high as 99.8%, and fluorine and phosphorus of LiPF6 can be fixed in the form of stable metal fluoride and phosphate by hydrothermal method. The same strategy can be used in industrial waste electrolyte recycling by diluting the waste with DMC and extracting the resulting solution with water. This work thus reveals a new route for waste electrolyte treatment and will also support the development of advanced EC-free electrolytes for high-performance, safe, and easily recyclable LIBs.
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| 9. |
- Li, Chenglei, et al.
(författare)
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Room-temperature direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4 cathode using the external short circuit strategy
- 2023
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Ingår i: Next Sustainability. - : Elsevier. - 2949-8236.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFP), widely used as power sources, are forecasted to reach the terawatt-hour scale, inevitably leading to battery waste and expediating the urgency for effective recycling processes for LFP. The modern recycling methodologies based on material recovery face significant economic, environmental, and energy consumption challenges. This research attempts to resolve these challenges by providing direct cathode regeneration based on the principles of an external short-circuit to replenish lithium lost in the spent cathode with lithiated materials (LiC6, Li metal). Given that most active lithium loss in the cathode is caused by the growth of the solid electrolyte interphase rather than structural damage, restoring the lost lithium can revitalize a spent cathode battery’s electrochemical performance to a near-original state. The lithium loss in LFP cathodes ranging from 20% to 80% was renewed by supplementing lithium. Relithiation of 10Ah commercial LFP spent cathode showed revitalized electrochemical performance. Compared to the modern recycling methods, direct cathode regeneration improves the economic benefits of recycling by 33%, decreases energy consumption by 48%, and reduces carbon emissions by 62%. Direct cathode regeneration provides a scaffold for the next generation of recycling methods to improve recycling efficiency while reducing their environmental footprint.
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| 10. |
- Lu, Jian, et al.
(författare)
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Surplus energy utilization of spent lithium-ion batteries for high-profit organolithiums
- 2022
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Ingår i: Carbon Energy. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2637-9368. ; 5:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is challenging to efficiently and economically recycle many lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of the low valuation of commodity metals and materials, such as LiFePO4. There are millions of tons of spent LIBs where the barrier to recycling is economical, and to make recycling more feasible, it is required that the value of the processed recycled material exceeds the value of raw commodity materials. The presented research illustrates improved profitability and economics for recycling spent LIBs by utilizing the surplus energy in lithiated graphite to drive the preparation of organolithiums to add value to the recycled lithium materials. This study methodology demonstrates that the surplus energy of lithiated graphite obtained from spent LIBs can be utilized to prepare high-value organolithiums, thereby significantly improving the economic profitability of LIB recycling. Organolithiums (R–O–Li and R–Li) were prepared using alkyl alcohol (R–OH) and alkyl bromide (R–Br) as substrates, where R includes varying hindered alkyl hydrocarbons. The organolithiums extracted from per kilogram of recycled LIBs can increase the economic value between $29.5 and $226.5 kg−1 cell. The value of the organolithiums is at least 5.4 times the total theoretical value of spent materials, improving the profitability of recycling LIBs over traditional pyrometallurgical ($0.86 kg−1 cell), hydrometallurgical ($1.00 kg−1 cell), and physical direct recycling methods ($5.40 kg−1 cell).
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