| 1. |
- Gustavsson, Johanna, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Localization of the insulin receptor in caveolae of adipocyte plasma membrane
- 1999
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Ingår i: The FASEB Journal. - 0892-6638 .- 1530-6860. ; 13:14, s. 1961-1971
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The insulin receptor is a transmembrane protein of the plasma membrane, where it recognizes extracellular insulin and transmits signals into the cellular signaling network. We report that insulin receptors are localized and signal in caveolae microdomains of adipocyte plasma membrane. Immunogold electron microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy show that insulin receptors are restricted to caveolae and are colocalized with caveolin over the plasma membrane. Insulin receptor was enriched in a caveolae-enriched fraction of plasma membrane. By extraction with β-cyclodextrin or destruction with cholesterol oxidase, cholesterol reduction attenuated insulin receptor signaling to protein phosphorylation or glucose transport. Insulin signaling was regained by spontaneous recovery or by exogenous replenishment of cholesterol. β-Cyclodextrin treatment caused a nearly complete annihilation of caveolae invaginations as examined by electron microscopy. This suggests that the receptor is dependent on the caveolae environment for signaling. Insulin stimulation of cells prior to isolation of caveolae or insulin stimulation of the isolated caveolae fraction increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor in caveolae, demonstrating that insulin receptors in caveolae are functional. Our results indicate that insulin receptors are localized to caveolae in the plasma membrane of adipocytes, are signaling in caveolae, and are dependent on caveolae for signaling.
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| 2. |
- Karlsson, Margareta, 1942-
(författare)
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Caveolae in insulin signalling in human and rat adipocytes
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The pancreatic hormone insulin is a key hormone in maintenance of metabolic homeostasis but it also exerts control on gene expression and cell growth. This thesis presents results on fhe role of caveolae in insulin signalling in human and rat adipocytes. Caveolae are invaginations of the plasma membrane, characterised by the structural protein caveolin. Caveolae and caveolin have been implicated in a variety of functions, like uptake of molecular cargo into the cell, cholesterol transport and signal transduction. After isolation of caveolae and using electron microscopy on cell membranes, the insulin receptor was demonstrated to be localised in caveolae of human adipocytes. We also used biochemical and morphological methods to show that the glucose transporter GLUT4 was translocated to caveolae in response to insulin in rat adipocytes, indicating fhat the caveola is the locale for glucose uptake in adipocytes.Adipocytes fhat were depleted of cholesterol using ß-cyclodextrin lacked caveolae invaginations. In cells fhus depleted of cholesterol and caveolae, fhe insulin receptor itself was not affected, but insulin signalling to metabolic control was inhibited. In rat adipocytes, insulin signalling to mitogenic control was not affected. In human fat cells, however, insulin's mitogenic signalling was dependent on caveolae/cholesterol. In contrast to other cells studied, including rat adipocytes, where the insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) is mainly cytosolic, in human adipocytes IRS-1 was found in the plasma membrane and in caveolae. These results show the importance of choosing the relevant system to work with, since there are clear species differences.We performed an analysis of the lipid composition of purified caveolae from rat adipocytes. As expected, cholesterol constitutes a major part of caveolae, but there is also an enrichment of sphingomyelin and the gangliosides GM1, GM3, GD3 and GD1a, while there is less protein, compared to the surrounding plasma membrane.Taken together, caveolae appear as hnbs for insulin signalling. Caveolae seem necessary for fhe maintenance of metabolic signalling, like glucose uptake, and defects in caveolae may thus be the cause of insulin resistance.
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| 3. |
- Karlsson, Margareta, 1942-, et al.
(författare)
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Colocalization of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 to caveolae in primary human adipocytes
- 2004
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Ingår i: European Journal of Biochemistry. - : Wiley. - 0014-2956 .- 1432-1033. ; 271:12, s. 2471-2479
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Caveolae are plasma membrane invaginations with several functions, one of which appears to be to organize receptor mediated signalling. Here we report that in primary human subcutaneous adipocytes the insulin receptor was localized to caveolae by electron microscopy/immunogold detection and by isolating caveolae from plasma membranes. Part of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), the immediate downstream signal mediator, was colocalized with the insulin receptor in the plasma membrane and caveolae, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy, immunogold electron microscopy, and immunogold electron microscopy of transfected recombinant HA-IRS1. In contrast, rat epididymal adipocytes lacked IRS1 at the plasma membrane. Depletion of cholesterol from the cells using β-cyclodextrin blocked insulin stimulation of glucose uptake, insulin inhibition of perilipin phosphorylation in response to isoproterenol, and insulin stimulation of protein kinase B and Map-kinases extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation. Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and IRS1 was not affected, indicating that caveolae integrity is required downstream of IRS1. In conclusion we show that insulin receptor and IRS1 are both caveolar proteins and that caveolae are required for both metabolic and mitogenic control in human adipocytes. Our results establish caveolae as foci of insulin action and stress the importance of examining human cells in addition to animal cells and cell lines.
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| 4. |
- Karlsson, Margareta, 1942-
(författare)
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DNA ploidy, proliferation markers and prognosis in malignant melanoma
- 1995
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Malignant melanoma is a serious disease when metastases occur. It is therefore important to investigate possible tools for prediction to the outcome of the disease. In the present investigation 265 patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma and uveal melanoma was investigated with flow cytometry.In 82 patients with stage Ill cutaneous melanoma we found that the DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction on the primacy tumours and the time to the first metastases predicted the post-recurrence survival. Patients with diploid melanoma cells, low S-phase fraction and a long recurrence free interval had a rather favourable prognosis despite presence of regional metastases. In 55 subjects a significantly higher frequency of aneuploidy was found in metastases compared to the primary tumour of the same patients, suggesting a higher growth potential in metastases.A high S-phase fraction measured on the last histologically metastases before chemotherapy treatment was associated with an objective response and a longer survival in 87 patients with disseminated melanoma. The anatomical location of the metastases also predicted objective response, and together with a high S-phase fraction, a large number of metastatic sites and objective response were associated with survival.DNA ploidy together with histopathologic type and tumour size could predict the survival in 96 patients with uveal melanoma. A small, diploid tumour of spindle-cell type gave a significantly longer survival than a large, aneuploid tumour of epithelioid-cell type. In univariate statistical analysis the S-phase fraction predicted survival, but did not remain as a prognostic factor after adjustments for ploidy, histologic type and tumoursize. DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction were correlated with well-known histopathologic features. The proliferation marker Ki-67 was correlated with well-known histopathological features and associated with survival in 79 patients. This was not the case with the proliferation marker PCNA. Patients with uveal melanomas containing a high percentage of Ki-67 positive nuclei had a significant shorter survival than those with a low percentage.
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Margareta, 1942-, et al.
(författare)
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Insulin induces translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 to plasma membrane caveolae in adipocytes
- 2002
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Ingår i: The FASEB Journal. - : Wiley. - 0892-6638 .- 1530-6860. ; 16:2, s. 249-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue is the result of translocation of insulin-regulated glucose transporters (GLUT4) from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane. Here we report that GLUT4 in the plasma membrane of 3T3-L1 adipocytes were located predominantly in caveolae invaginations: by immunogold electron microscopy of plasma membranes, 88% of GLUT4 were localized to caveolae structures and this distribution within the plasma membrane was not affected by insulin. By immunofluorescence microscopy, a major part of GLUT 4 was colocalized with caveolin. The total amount of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane increased 2.2-fold in response to insulin as determined by immunogold electron or immunofluorescence microscopy. GLUT4 were enriched in caveolae fractions isolated without detergents from plasma membranes of rat adipocytes. In these fractions, GLUT4 were largely confined to caveolin-containing membranes of the caveolae preparation isolated from insulin-stimulated cells, determined by electron microscopy. Insulin increased the amount of GLUT4 2.7-fold in this caveolae fraction. Caveolae were purified further by immunoisolation with antibodies against caveolin. The amount of GLUT4 increased to the same extent in the immunopurified caveolae as in the cruder caveolae fractions from insulin-stimulated cells. We conclude that insulin induces translocation of GLUT4 to caveolae.
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| 6. |
- Örtegren, Unn, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Lipids and glycosphingolipids in caveolae and surrounding plasma membrane of primary rat adipocytes
- 2004
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Ingår i: Eur J Biochem. - : Wiley. - 0014-2956 .- 1432-1033. ; 271:10, s. 2028-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have made a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the lipid composition of caveolae from primary rat fat cells and compared the composition of plasma membrane inside and outside caveolae. We isolated caveolae from purified plasma membranes using ultrasonication in carbonate buffer to disrupt the membrane, or extraction with nonionic detergent, followed by density gradient ultracentrifugation. The carbonate-isolated caveolae fraction was further immunopurified using caveolin antibodies. Carbonate-isolated caveolae were enriched in cholesterol and sphingomyelin, and the concentration was three- and twofold higher, respectively, in caveolae compared to the surrounding plasma membrane. The concentration of glycerophospholipids was similar suggesting that glycerophospholipids constitute a constant core throughout the plasma membrane. The composition of detergent-insoluble fractions of the plasma membrane was very variable between preparations, but strongly enriched in sphingomyelin and depleted of glycerophospholipids compared to carbonate-isolated caveolae; indicating that detergent extraction is not a suitable technique for caveolae preparation. An average adipocyte caveola contained about 22 x 10(3) molecules of cholesterol, 7.5 x 10(3) of sphingomyelin and 23 x 10(3) of glycerophospholipid. The glycosphingolipid GD3 was highly enriched in caveolae, whereas GM3, GM1 and GD1a were present inside as well as outside the caveolae membrane. GD1b, GT1b, GM2, GQ1b, sulfatide and lactosylceramide sulfate were not detected in caveolae.
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