| 1. |
- Karlsson, Jenny, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Energioptimala godstransporter ur ett nationellt systemperspektiv : en metod för utvärdering av potential för minskad energianvändning
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Målet med rapporten är att bidra till ett energieffektivt transportsystem genom att presentera en ny approach för analys av energianvändning i godstransportsystemet som kan komplettera konventionella metoder och bidra till bättre beslutsunderlag. Energianvändningen i transportsektorn är central för Sveriges möjligheter att nå uppsatta mål om minskad klimatpåverkan. Här presenteras en metod för att skatta minimal energianvändning i ett godstransportsystem från ett nationellt systemperspektiv. Detta problem definieras här som Minimalenergiproblemet (MEP). Rapporten presenterar en metod för MEP och tillämpar metoden för en analys av det svenska godstransportsystemet. Analys av MEP möjliggör skattning av en teoretisk potential för minskad energianvändning i godstransportsystemet och ger en referens för att kvantitativt utvärdera olika typer av åtgärder.Grundidén är att använda en befintlig nationell godstransportmodell som bygger på kostnads[1]minimerande principer som ett optimeringsverktyg och ersätta kostnadsparametrar med värden för energianvändning. Metoden tillämpas för analys av det svenska godstransportsystemet genom att använda Samgods. Samgods är Trafikverkets nationella godsmodell som används för analyser av godstransportsystemet och framtagning av beslutsunderlag för till exempel infrastrukturinvesteringar, policyåtgärder och prognoser.Det svenska godstransportsystemet studeras med avseende på minimal energianvändning med fokus på scenarier som beskriver dagens förutsättningar med befintlig infrastruktur, fordonsflotta, energibärare och transportefterfrågan, enligt Samgodsmodellen. Resultaten jämförs med scenarier för ett kostnadsminimalt system som kan antas simulera godstransportsystemet i praktiken. Rapporten illustrerar även möjliga tillämpningar genom scenarioanalyser där förändrade förutsättningar för vägtransporter simuleras samt fall för minimering med avseende på koldioxidutsläpp.
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| 2. |
- Lehikoinen, Aleksi, et al.
(författare)
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Phenology of the avian spring migratory passage in Europe and North America : Asymmetric advancement in time and increase in duration
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ecological Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-160X .- 1872-7034. ; 101, s. 985-991
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change has been shown to shift the seasonal timing (i.e. phenology) and distribution of species. The phenological effects of climate change on living organisms have often been tested using first occurrence dates, which may be uninformative and biased. More rarely investigated is how different phases of a phenological sequence (e.g. beginning, central tendency and end) or its duration have changed over time. This type of analysis requires continuous observation throughout the phenological event over multiple years, and such data sets are rare. In this study we examined the impact of temperature on long-term change of passage timing and duration of the spring migration period in birds, and which species' traits explain species-specific variation. Data used covered 195 species from 21 European and Canadian bird observatories from which systematic daily sampling protocols were available. Migration dates were negatively associated with early spring temperature and timings had in general advanced in 57 years. Short-distance migrants advanced the beginning of their migration more than long-distance migrants when corrected for phylogenic relatedness, but such a difference was not found in other phases of migration. The advancement of migration has generally been greater for the beginning and median phases of migration relative to the end, leading to extended spring migration seasons. Duration of the migration season increased with increasing temperature. Phenological changes have also been less noticeable in Canada even when corrected for rate of change in temperature. To visualize long-term changes in phenology, we constructed the first multi-species spring migration phenology indicator to describe general changes in median migration dates in the northern hemisphere. The indicator showed an average advancement of one week during five decades across the continents (period 1959-2015). The indicator is easy to update with new data and we therefore encourage future research to investigate whether the trend towards longer periods of occurrence or emergence in spring is also evident in other migratory populations. Such phenological changes may influence detectability in monitoring schemes, and may have broader implications on population and community dynamics.
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| 3. |
- Ljungstrom, L., et al.
(författare)
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Clinical evaluation of commercial nucleic acid amplification tests in patients with suspected sepsis
- 2015
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Ingår i: Bmc Infectious Diseases. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2334. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Sepsis is a serious medical condition requiring timely administered, appropriate antibiotic therapy. Blood culture is regarded as the gold standard for aetiological diagnosis of sepsis, but it suffers from low sensitivity and long turnaround time. Thus, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have emerged to shorten the time to identification of causative microbes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical utility in everyday practice in the emergency department of two commercial NAATs in patients suspected with sepsis. Methods: During a six-week period, blood samples were collected consecutively from all adult patients admitted to the general emergency department for suspicion of a community-onset sepsis and treated with intravenous antibiotics. Along with conventional blood cultures, multiplex PCR (Magicplex (TM)) was performed on whole blood specimens whereas portions from blood culture bottles were used for analysis by microarray-based assay (Prove-it (TM)). The aetiological significance of identified organisms was determined by two infectious disease physicians based on clinical presentation and expected pathogenicity. Results: Among 382 episodes of suspected sepsis, clinically relevant microbes were detected by blood culture in 42 episodes (11%), by multiplex PCR in 37 episodes (9.7%), and by microarray in 32 episodes (8.4%). Although moderate agreement with blood culture (kappa 0.50), the multiplex PCR added diagnostic value by timely detection of 15 clinically relevant findings in blood culture-negative specimens. Results of the microarray corresponded very well to those of blood culture (kappa 0.90), but were available just marginally prior to blood culture results. Conclusions: The use of NAATs on whole blood specimens in adjunct to current culture-based methods provides a clinical add-on value by allowing for detection of organisms missed by blood culture. However, the aetiological significance of findings detected by NAATs should be interpreted with caution as the high analytical sensitivity may add findings that do not necessarily corroborate with the clinical diagnosis.
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| 4. |
- Mellgren, A., et al.
(författare)
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High seroprevalence against hepatitis E virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Virology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1386-6532. ; 88, s. 39-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 is endemic in Europe. Superinfection with HEV in patients with underlying chronic liver disease can cause hepatic decompensation leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Objectives: The prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies was investigated in 204 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and different stages of fibrosis. Results: The median age of the patients was 55 years (IQR 40-62 years); 126 (62%) were men. Ninety-eight (48%) patients had a METAVIR fibrosis stage F2 or higher. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was 30% (62/204), which was significantly higher than among Swedish blood donors (17%, p < 0.01). The prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies was associated with higher age (OR 1.08 (1.05-1.11); p < 0.01). It was also higher for patients with a prior history of blood transfusion (48%) as compared to intravenous drug use (IDU; 26%) as the risk factor for acquisition of the HCV infection (OR 2.72 (1.2-6.19); p <0.02). The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was also significantly higher in patients with significant fibrosis, i.e. >= F2 (38%; OR 2.04 (1.11-3.76); p = 0.02) and/or neoplasm (72%; OR 7.27 (2.46-21.44); p < 0.01). Conclusions: When adjusted for age, the prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies was significantly higher in patients with previous or current malignant liver disease compared to blood donors. The lack of significant correlation between HCV and HEV infections indicate low level of transmission of HEV by IDU. HEV infections warrant more attention, especially in patients with preexisting liver disease. (C) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 5. |
- Vierth, Inge, et al.
(författare)
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Kartläggning av godstransporterna i Sverige
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här rapporten sammanfattar sex delprojekt som ingår som underlag till Trafikanalys uppdrag från regeringen att redovisa ett kunskapsunderlag och nulägesanalys av gods-transporter i Sverige. Regeringsuppdraget innefattar också hur statistiken och kunskapsuppbyggnaden på området kan utvecklas.
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| 6. |
- Abate, Megersa, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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A disaggregate stochastic freight transport model for Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Transportation. - : Springer. - 0049-4488 .- 1572-9435. ; 46:3, s. 671-696
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents estimation results for models of transport chain and shipment size choice, as well as an implementation of the estimated disaggregate models (for two commodity groups), in the context of the national freight transport model for Sweden. The new model is a disaggregate and stochastic (logit) model, whereas the existing Swedish national model is deterministic. One advantage of the new approach is that it bases the underlying behavior of shippers on a stronger empirical foundation (that is micro-data from the Swedish Commodity Flow Survey, CFS). Another advantage is that it overcomes a well-known disadvantage of deterministic models that lead to implausibly large responses to changes in scenario or policy variables. Although estimation and implementation of aggregate stochastic models were done before, in the context of a national freight transport forecasting model, we think this is the first implementation of disaggregate freight transport chain and shipment size models estimated on choice data for individual shipments, certainly in Europe. We carried out a number of model runs with both versions of the implemented model to compare elasticities and found that transport cost and time elasticities for tonne-km are smaller (in absolute values) in the disaggregate stochastic model than in their deterministic counterparts.
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| 7. |
- Backhaus, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive pneumococcal isolates from a region in south-west Sweden 1998-2001.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 39:1, s. 19-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Invasive disease caused by antibiotic resistant pneumococci is a worldwide problem. All invasive pneumococcal strains in an area of south-west Sweden with 1.7 million inhabitants were collected prospectively during 1998-2001. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by E-test and correlated to serotypes and clinical characteristics. Of 827 strains, 744 (90%) were susceptible (S) to all agents tested and 83 (10%) were indeterminate (I) or resistant (R) to at least 1 agent. 22 isolates (2.7%) were I to penicillin (MIC >0.06 to < or = 1.0 mg/l), but none were R (MIC >1.0 mg/l). Numbers and proportions of decreased susceptibility against other agents tested were as follows: erythromycin R: 30 (3.6%), clindamycin R: 6 (0.7%), tetracycline R: 16 (1.9%), moxifloxacin R: 1 (0.1%), cotrimoxazole I: 17 (2%) and R: 31(4%). Non-susceptibility to at least 1 agent was not correlated with age, clinical manifestation, underlying diseases and outcome. The serotype distribution differed between non-susceptible and susceptible strains. The serotypes in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine covered 42% of all infections and 73% of those caused by non-susceptible strains. In conclusion, the impact of antibiotic resistance in invasive pneumococcal disease remains limited in south-west Sweden.
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| 8. |
- Bergman, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Invasive pneumococcal disease in persons with predisposing factors is dominated by non-vaccine serotypes in Southwest Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Bmc Infectious Diseases. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2334. ; 21:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundThe pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV7 was introduced in Southwest Sweden in the child vaccination program in 2009, followed by PCV13 in 2010 and PCV10 in 2015. In this retrospective cohort study we assessed the pneumococcal serotype distribution in relation to predisposing factors, clinical manifestations and outcome during seven years after PCV introduction.MethodsClinical data from 1278 patients with 1304 episodes of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) between January 2009 and December 2015 in Region Vastra Gotaland, Sweden, were retrospectively collected from medical records. Pneumococcal isolates were serotyped by gel diffusion and/or Quellung reactions performed at the Public Health Agency in Sweden. Associations between serotypes and clinical characteristics were statistically evaluated by use of Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test and Logistic regression analysis, whereas IPD episodes caused by serotypes over time were analyzed by Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test.ResultsWith the exception of serotype 3, the prevalence of PCV13 serotypes decreased during the study period, from 76% (n=157) of all IPD episodes in 2009 to 25% (n=42) in 2015 (p<0.001) while non-PCV13 serotypes increased, mainly among patients 65years and in patients with predisposing factors, including cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease and malignancy (p<0.001 for all). Patients with predisposing factors, including those with malignancy, immune deficiency or renal disease, were more likely to have IPD caused by a serotype not included in PCV13 rather than a vaccine-included serotype. Serotype 3 was associated with intensive care unit admissions while serotype 1 and 7F caused IPD among healthier and younger patients. PCV13 serotypes were associated with invasive pneumonia, and non-PCV13 serotypes were associated with bacteremia with unknown focus and with manifestations other than pneumonia or meningitis.ConclusionsNon-PCV13 serotypes caused the majority of IPD cases in Southwest Sweden, especially in patients 65years and in patients with predisposing factors. Serotype 3, included in PCV13, was prevalent and often caused severe disease.
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| 9. |
- Björketun, Urban, et al.
(författare)
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NÄTRA : näringslivets transporter med bil i Stockholms län 1998
- 2000
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Publikationens syfte är dels att med exempel visa vilka data för näringslivets vägtransporter i Stockholms län 1998 som kan erhållas ur NÄTRA-databasen och dels att vetenskapligt beskriva hur undersökningen har genomförts och hur resultaten har implementerats i databasen.Den genomförda urvalsundersökningen har riktats mot ett stratifierat urval av länets 175 tusen arbetsställen. För varje valt arbetsställe har information inhämtats om samtliga förflyttningar för utvalt fordon (tung lastbil, lätt lastbil eller personbil) under en dag.En viktig slutsats i rapporten är att det är bättre att inhämta transportinformation medels telefonintervjuer än att göra det med hjälp av enbart enkätformulär. Dels blev svarsfrekvensen väsentligt högre och dels blev kvaliteten på insamlade data bättre. Vikten av en bortfallsundersökning betonas också i rapporten. De data som insamlas vid bortfallsundersökningen har till en del kunnat användas till imputation av data. Imputeringarna består av att man försöker få de data från bortfallsundersökningen som har tillräcklig hög kvalitet att återspegla motsvarande transporter i undersökningsperioden. Hänsyn till data om återstoden av bortfallet har tagits vid beräkning av uppräkningsfaktorerna från urval till stratum.
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| 10. |
- Browall, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical manifestations of invasive pneumococcal disease by vaccine and non-vaccine types
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Respiratory Journal. - : European Respiratory Society. - 0903-1936 .- 1399-3003. ; 44:6, s. 1646-1657
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pneumococcal conjugated vaccines (PCVs) have shown protection against invasive pneumococcal disease by vaccine serotypes, but an increase in non-vaccine serotype disease has been observed. Type-specific effects on clinical manifestation need to be explored.Clinical data from 2096 adults and 192 children with invasive pneumococcal disease were correlated to pneumococcal molecular serotypes. Invasive disease potential for pneumococcal serotypes were calculated using 165 invasive and 550 carriage isolates from children.The invasive disease potential was lower for non-PCV13 compared to vaccine-type strains. Patients infected with non-PCV13 strains had more underlying diseases, were less likely to have pneumonia and, in adults, tended to have a higher mortality. Furthermore, patients infected with pneumococci belonging to clonal serotypes only expressing non-PCV13 capsules had a higher risk for septicaemia and mortality.PCV vaccination will probably lead to a decrease in invasive pneumococcal disease but an alteration in the clinical manifestation of invasive pneumococcal disease. Genetic lineages causing invasive pneumococcal disease in adults often express non-vaccine serotypes, which can expand after vaccination with an increased risk of infection in patients with underlying diseases.
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