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| 3. |
- Forsberg, Peter, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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On optimal investment strategies for a hydrogen refueling station
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-3199. ; 32:5, s. 647-660
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The uncertainty and cost of changing from a fossil-fuel-based society to a hydrogen-based society are considered to be extensive obstacles to the introduction of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The absence of existing profitable refueling stations has been shown to be one of the major barriers. This paper investigates methods for calculating an optimal transition from a gasoline refueling station to future methane and hydrogen combined use with an on site small-scale reformer for methane. In particular, we look into the problem of matching the hydrogen capacity of a single refueling station to an increasing demand. Based on an assumed future development scenario, optimal investment strategies are calculated. First, a constant utilization of the hydrogen reformer is assumed in order to find the minimum hydrogen production cost. Second, when considerations such as periodic maintenance are taken into account, optimal control is used to concurrently find both a short term equipment variable utilization for one week and a long term strategy. The result is a minimum hydrogen production cost of $4-6/kg, depending on the number of reinvestments during a 20 year period. The solution is shown to yield minimum hydrogen production cost for the individual refueling station, but the solution is sensitive to variations in the scenario parameters. (c) 2006 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Grauers, Anders, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing fuel cells and other power trains for different vehicle applications
- 2017
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Ingår i: EVS 2017 - 30th International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition. - : Landesmesse Stuttgart GmbH.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compares the total cost of ownership (TCO) for fuel cell, battery electric, range extender and biofuel combustion engine power trains. The TCO difference shows that the power trains are suitable for very different vehicle niches. Battery electric vehicles can reach the lowest cost per kilometer, but only if the battery is utilized very much. Fuel cell range extender vehicles are cost effective for vehicles requiring long driving range but typically driving shorter distances. Internal combustion engine power trains will have the lowest TCO for vehicles with short driving distance during their life, even if the biofuel is rather expensive.
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| 5. |
- Grauers, Anders, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Varför elektromobilitet och vad är det?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Perspektiv på eldrivna fordon 2014. - 9789198097443 ; , s. 8-9
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Grauers, Anders, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Why electromobility and what is it?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Electromobility 2013. - 9789198097313 ; , s. 10-21
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this chapter we examine the notion of electromobility and aim to provide aworking definition of the term that underpins the analyses presented in the rest ofthis e-book. We also describe electromobility in technological terms by presentingvarious technological configurations of electric vehicles, charging infrastructureand energy supply. We then proceed to examine why electromobility is currentlysupported as a favourable means to transform road transport by discussing driversand barriers of change in the automotive industry. Whilst electromobility representsa significant technical challenge, it also requires complex social changes.By arguing from different perspectives we hope to illustrate that electromobility isbest understood by considering a range of systemic perspectives found in this andlater chapters of this e-book.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Karlström, Magnus, 1972
(författare)
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Local environmental benefits of fuel cell buses - A case study
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 13:7, s. 679-685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study presents a quantitative assessment of the local environmental benefits of using fuel cell buses in comparison with EURO 5 diesel buses and compressed natural gas buses along a central bus route in Göteborg, Sweden, in 2006. The influence of fuel cell buses on the ambient concentration of NOx, particulates, and noise pollution is assessed and evaluated in monetary terms, and compared with their capital and fuel. In addition, the greenhouse gas reduction potential is assessed. The results show that the present local environmental benefits are much smaller than the annualized purchase cost of a prototype fuel cell, but the local monetary benefits will be meaningful to consider when comparing with the incremental costs of a mass-produced fuel cell bus.
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| 10. |
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