| 1. |
- Bergek, Anna, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Directionality challenges for transformative innovation policy: lessons from implementing climate goals in the process industry
- 2023
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Ingår i: Industry and Innovation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1366-2716 .- 1469-8390. ; 30:8, s. 1110-1139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the new paradigm of ‘transformative’ or ‘mission-oriented’ innovation policy, which addresses broad societal challenges, policy makers are given a large responsibility for setting or shaping the direction of socio-technical transitions. However, the literature has so far not provided much concrete advice on how to achieve directionality in practice. The main argument of this conceptual article is that a more detailed approach is needed to better understand the challenges policy makers might face when they attempt to translate societal goals into more concrete and actionable policy agendas. It identifies and discusses eight analytically derived directionality challenges: handling goal conflicts, defining system boundaries, identifying realistic pathways, formulating strategies, realising destabilisation, mobilising relevant policy domains, identifying target groups, and accessing intervention points. To illustrate these challenges, the article uses examples from the implementation of the Swedish climate goal in the process industry.
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| 2. |
- Eneqvist, Erica, 1982-
(författare)
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Experimental Governance : Capacity and legitimacy in local governments
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Contemporary planning and governance of cities involves practices of experiments and trials in urban experiments, collaborative platforms, and urban development projects with high ambitions for sustainability and innovative solutions. These practices of experimental governance can be seen as new policy instruments that include actors from all sectors of society in collective problem-solving. The introduction of experimental governance establishes a new logic of public administration that results in multiple opportunities and challenges. Previous research has emphasised the importance of organisational development beyond a focus on single experimental projects and institutional designs to support experimentation. This thesis aims to examine the municipalities’ organisational capacity for experimental governance and the opportunities to ensure legitimacy.The thesis involves a case study of the City of Stockholm and its innovative practices in general and experimental governance practices in particular. The focus is on the municipal organisation and how it has developed over the past decade, rather than single experiments, collaborations, and projects. Using a qualitative research approach, empirical data was collected by shadowing City of Stockholm staff members, while also conducting semi-structured interviews, participatory observations, and document studies. The thesis comprises four research articles: three using the City of Stockholm as an empirical case of a municipality engaged in experimental governance, and one that develops theoretical insights using examples from Stockholm. The first article provides a discussion of municipal innovation approaches and their influence of institutional logics. The second article is about municipal functions related to experiments, and how these functions challenge the local government. The third article examines the work of experiments and partnerships in policy and practice from a legitimacy perspective. The fourth article explores the institutional capacity for translating innovation actions from high-profile urban development projects into regular processes of the municipality.The results provide new knowledge about public actors and urban experimentation, while also providing practical insights that are relevant to stakeholders who engage in urban experiments. Specifically, the thesis reveals the challenges that municipalities face in embracing experiments while also ensuring and developing procedures for legitimacy. It also highlights the tensions of introducing new logics and roles for public authorities in a changing governance environment. The findings point towards the need for a more nuanced understanding of practices of experimental governance, and the development of permanent organisational structures and cultures to support and steer these practices. There is also a need for organisational procedures to ensure legitimacy, related to both input in terms of transparency, accountability and equality, and output in terms of results and effectiveness, with a capacity to implement the results. By meeting these needs, municipalities can harness the opportunities of experimental governance to serve the public good.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Bidrag till handlingsplan för havsbaserad vindkraft i Sverige - För säkrad eltillförsel, stabiltklimat och industriell utveckling
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Världen behöver ställa om produktionen av el till ett system med inga eller ringa utsläpp av växthusgaser. Både Världsbanken (2014) och International Energy Agency (IEA,2013) varnar i starka ordalag för en temperaturhöjning långt utöver 2 grader vilket understryker betydelsen av en politik som säkerställer att en omvandling sker i tid. Tillutmaningen läggs åldrande kärnkraftverk samt en förväntad ökad efterfrågan på el inom transportsektorn och för att ersätta gas för uppvärmning. En teknik som EUkommissionenhar stora förväntningar på, och som främst britter, tyskar och danskar investerar mycket i, är havsbaserad vindkraft. I detta bidrag argumenterar vi för att Sverige bör följa dessa länder och bygga ut den havsbaserade vindkraften som ett komplement till andra tekniker som använder förnyelsebara energikällor. Vi diskuterar även vilka hinder som måste överbryggas för att en utbyggnad skall ske i tid och åtgärder som kan vidtas för att säkra en utbyggnad.Sveriges potential är stor. Om 3 000 km2 används för havsbaserad vindkraft, 5 MW installeras per km2 och kraftverken har 40 % kapacitetsfaktor, blir årsproduktionendrygt 50 TWh. Många företag har sett denna potential och projekt som befinner sig i olika delar av tillståndsprocessen skulle kunna producera 26 TWh. I debatten argumenteras emellertid ofta att nya investeringar i förnybar energiteknik inte behövs då i) Sverige har en nettoexport av el och ii) vi med lätthet uppfyller 2020 målen. Denna tidshorisont är emellertid för kort jämfört med de långa ledtider som finns i utbyggnaden av ny kapacitet och vi kan inte heller betrakta Sverige som en isolerad ö. Vi måste istället blicka framåt några decennier och ut mot övriga EU när vi analyserar önskvärdheten av att investera i havsbaserad vindkraft. Vi uppmärksammar då risken att det kan uppstå ett större produktionsgap i Sverige. Även för Nordpool-området finns denna risk och för EU som helhet är det förväntade produktionsgapet mycket stort. En utbyggd havsbaserad vindkraft kan bidra till att säkerställa att Sverige och Nordpoolområdet får ett kraftsystem som kan leverera omfattande mängder el till rimliga priser när de åldrande kärnkraftverken läggs ner. Potentialen är så stor att Sverige även kan ge ett viktigt bidrag till att uppnå EU:s klimatmål genom en ökad elexport. Detta bidrag skall inte ses som att vi blir ”världens samvete” utan förenas med nya affärsmöjligheter då Sverige synes kunna producera havsvindel till en låg kostnad i förhållande tillinstallationer i Nordsjön. Detta är det starkaste skälet till en utbyggnad i Sverige och ett utnyttjande av denna svenska komparativa fördel passar väl in i EUs tankar om enEnergiunion.Det är tänkbart att en kapacitet att producera 30 TWh havsbaserad vindel kan finnas på plats i Sverige år 2035. För att möjliggöra nödvändiga investeringar måste dock en rad hinder överbryggas. Det viktigaste hindret är brist på incitament att investera och det behövs ett styrmedel som på ett trovärdigt sätt leder till de omfattande investerin
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| 5. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Formation of competences to realize the potential of offshore wind power in the European Union
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 44, s. 374-384
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electricity sector has to undergo a large-scale transformation process to reduce the threat of climate change. Wind power has a strategic role to play in this process. This paper makes a preliminary assessment of the types and numbers of engineers required to sustain a large-scale expansion of offshore wind energy in the EU and draws lessons for universities. A variety of competences are required, including (a) deep competences in many fields (electrical and mechanical engineering, but also engineering physics and civil engineering); (b) integrative competences within engineering (e.g., mechanical and electrical engineering) and between engineering and non-engineering fields (e.g., meteorology and logistics). A large number of engineers are required. A rough estimate indicates a need for more than 10 000 new engineers until 2020. The nature and volume of the competences required raise serious questions for the scale and organization of training programmes at universities.
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| 6. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanisms blocking the dynamics of the European offshore wind energy innovation system - Challenges for policy intervention
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 63, s. 1182-1195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decarbonizing electricity production in the EU may necessitate building new “low-carbon” capacity (excluding nuclear investments) to deliver 3500 TWh by 2050. Offshore wind power has the potential to contribute substantially to fill this gap. Realizing this potential is, however, difficult since deploymentoffshore does not constitute simple diversification by the onshore wind turbine industry to a new segment. This paper identifies factors obstructing the development of the northern European innovation system centered on offshore wind power, specifies a set of associated policy challenges and discussesvarious policy responses.
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| 7. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a strategy for offshore wind power in Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Renewable Power 2014. - 9789198097405 ; , s. 160-171
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The first offshore wind power farm was built in 1991 (in Denmark) but the diffusionof wind turbines took place mainly onshore.1 By 2013, European offshore turbinessupplied 24 TWh but there are expectations of a supply of 140 TWh by 2020.2For 2030, UK and Germany expect the supply to increase to about 115 and 87TWh respectively.3 The longer term potential is much larger and in the EuropeanCommission’s Vision 2050 scenario analysis, 800 TWh are supplied (see Chapter3 on the global potential).4 Hence, offshore wind power is seen as a strategictechnology in EU’s efforts to decarbonise electricity generation.Multifaceted government policies are applied in mainly UK, Germany and Denmarkto support development and deployment of offshore wind power, that is, interventions are not limited to forming a market but include other dimensions inthe industrialisation of the technology. Expectations of an extensive deploymentare shared by many firms in the value chain, including component suppliers,turbine manufacturers, utilities, harbours, shipyards and logistics firms. A wholeindustrial system has begun to develop in northern Europe.In this chapter, we argue that Sweden should shift from a passive to an activestance towards offshore wind power and initiate a process that eventually leadsto a large-scale deployment. In the next section, we argue that offshore windpower is a desirable technology to develop in Sweden and we suggest a target forSweden in 2030. This is followed by an analysis of mechanisms that may obstructmeeting that target and points to ways of overcoming these. In the final section, wediscuss how a strategy for Sweden could be formed.
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| 8. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways for Increased Use and Refining of Biomass in Swedish Energy-intensive Industry
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Events in recent decades have placed climate change at the top of the political agenda. The European Union has assumed a vanguard role in global climate negotiations, pushing for ambitious international commitments. Furthermore, Sweden is positioning itself as a leader within the EU when it comes to setting the agenda for climate change. In Sweden, energy-intensive industries are responsible for a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions and their ability to switch to a renewable energy source could contribute significantly to the transition to a decarbonised economy.This study analyses the role of three energy-intensive industries with regard to increased refining and use of biomass and will also take a glimpse into the future in an attempt to gain further insight into what will affect future developments in this area. The study is limited to the pulp and paper industry, the iron and steel industry and the oil refining industry as well as the EU legislation that affects these industries. For each industry the operations of the following case companies, Södra, SSAB and Preem AB, are analysed specifically and for each company one or two selected plants exemplify the outcome of the implementation of different technologies. This interdisciplinary study combines a range of methods taken from engineering and social sciences.The industries studied all have different preconditions for transformations and the technological options available diverge to a large extent. There are many options for the pulp and paper industry compared to the iron and steel industry and the oil refining industry. The most likely technological option for this sector is to utilise internal resources for conversion to energy or material products and export of excess energy. Options for the steel producer SSAB include the substitution of part of the coke in the blast furnace with biomass or refined biomass products such as syngas and biomethane and forming an industrial symbiotic partnership. There are several options for the oil refining industry to substitute fossil feedstocks without the need to modify the existing infrastructure. One option is hydrotreatment of bio-oil into green diesel, which will be implemented at the Preem refinery in Gothenburg. However, green production of transportation fuels and substitution of coke in the blast furnace require large amounts of biomass and since biomass is a limited resource this is likely to act as a barrier to the development of these technologies.2Furthermore, it can be concluded that the companies studied could contribute significantly to the development of technologies that are in line with their core capabilities, while the development of technological options that require a change in their core capabilities is more limited. This discovery is further supported by the finding that the EU directives relevant to this report do not push industrial operators beyond efficiency measures along established technological lines. On the one hand, these legislative instruments, which are designed in the spirit of ecological modernisation, encourage the most cost-effective technologies and processes for the abatement of greenhouse gases relevant to each industry. On the other, they do not appear to be sufficient to raise the cost of carbon emissions and this contributes to a situation where incentives to make different biomass-based technologies economic are not present on the market. Over a longer time perspective none of the case companies believes that biomass will have increased significantly in the Swedish energy system by 2050. These case companies claim that biomass is too limited a resource and can only contribute in part to the necessary substitution of fossil fuels.
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