| 1. |
- Da Silva, Adrien, et al.
(författare)
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Laser Metal Wire drop-by-drop Deposition: a material and dilution investigation
- 2021
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Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. - : Institute of Physics (IOP).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Additive Manufacturing has become a field of high interest in the industry, mostly due to its strong freedom of design and its flexibility. Numerous Additive Manufacturing techniques exist and present different advantages and disadvantages. The technique investigated in this research is a drop-by-drop deposition alternative to Laser Metal Wire Deposition. This technique is expected to induce a better control over the power input in the material, resulting in a better power efficiency and tailorable material properties. The aim of this research is to investigate selected material properties of the structures produced with the drop-by-drop deposition technique. Multi-drops structures were deposited from 316L, Inconel 625 (NW6625) and AlSi5 (AW4043) wires. Two drop deposition methods were investigated: (i) a contactless recoil pressure driven detachment for 316L and Inconel 625, (ii) a contact-based surface tension driven detachment for AlSi5. A material characterization including optical microscopy, EDS and hardness measurements was performed in transverse and longitudinal cross-sections. The microstructure of the deposited material, the dilution with the substrate and the heat affected zone were analysed. The contactless detachment showed a higher dilution than the contact-based technique due to the laser irradiating the substrate between two drop detachments, which melts the substrate that then mixes with the deposited drops.
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| 2. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization and modeling of the mechanical behavior of high silicon ductile iron
- 2017
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Ingår i: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 708, s. 159-170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the effect of the solidification conditions and silicon content on the mechanical properties of ductile iron and presents empirical models for predicting the tensile behavior based on the microstructural characterizations. Two ductile iron grades of GJS-500-7 and GJS-500-14 were cast with silicon content of 2.36% and 3.71%, respectively. The cast geometry consisted of six plates with different thicknesses that provided different cooling rates during the solidification. Microstructure analysis, tensile and hardness tests were performed on the as-cast material. Tensile behavior was characterized by the Ludwigson equation. The tensile fracture surfaces were analyzed to quantify the fraction of porosity. The results showed that graphite content, graphite nodule count, ferrite fraction and yield strength were increased by increasing the silicon content. A higher silicon content resulted in lower work hardening exponent and strength coefficient on the Ludwigson equation. The results for 0.2% offset yield and the Ludwigson equation parameters were modeled based on microstructural characteristics, with influence of silicon content as the main contributing factor. The models were implemented into a casting process simulation to enable prediction of microstructure-based tensile behavior. A good agreement was obtained between measured and simulated tensile behavior, validating the predictions of simulation in cast components with similar microstructural characteristics.
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| 3. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a pattern making method for strain measurement on microstructural level in ferritic cast iron
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current paper focuses on development of a method for studying micro-scale strains on the microstructure of ferritic cast iron. For this purpose, in-situ tensile tests were done under the optical microscope combined with digital image correlation (DIC). Critical in this development was to be able to achieve a reliable high spatial resolution of strain around microstructural features, such as graphite particles. Measurement of local strain fi elds in cast iron materials have so far been relying on displacement of naturally occurring microstructure patterns such as graphite particles, which limits the spatial resolution of strain measurement. In order to increase the spatial resolution of the measured strain, a pit etching procedure was applied to generate a random speckle pattern on the ferritic matrix. Th e critical challenges of in-situ investigation of microstructural deformation were identifi ed as speckle pattern quality and accurate selection of subset size and strain window size. Th e traceability of this method was studied by benchmarking the measured elastic modulus with that obtained from full-scale tensile test. Th e elastic modulus calculated from average strains, measured by DIC, showed a good agreement with material’s elastic modulus. Th is validates the measured localized strain values and can be used as a validation for modeling of local deformation.
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| 4. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Boron and Cross-Section Thickness on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ductile Iron
- 2018
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : Trans Tech Publications. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 925, s. 249-256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eeffect of Boron addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ductile iron, GJS-500-7 grade was studied. Three cast batches with the Boron content of 10, 49 and 131ppm were cast in a casting geometry containing plates with thicknesses of 7, 15, 30, 50 and 75mm. Microstructure analysis, tensile test, and hardness test were performed on the samples which were machined from the casting plates. Addition of 49 ppm Boron decreased pearlite fraction by an average of 34±6% in all the cast plates. However, minor changes were observed in the pearlite fraction by increasing Boron from 49 to 131 ppm. Variation in the plate thickness did not affect the pearlite fraction. The 0.2% offset yield and ultimate tensile strength was decreased by an average of 11±1% and 18±2%, respectively. Addition of 49 ppm Boron decreased Brinell hardness by 16±1%, while 11±2% reduction was obtained by addition of 131ppm Boron.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructural strain distribution in ductile iron; Comparison between finite element simulation and digital image correlation measurements
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents a study on micro-scale deformation and the effect of microstructure on localised deformation of ductile iron, utilizing in-situ tension testing, digital image correlation (DIC) and finite element analysis (FEA). A tensile stage integrated with an optical microscope was used to acquire a series of micrographs during the tensile test. Applying DIC and an etched speckle pattern, a high resolution local strain field was measured in the microstructure. In addition, a finite element (FE) model was used to predict the strain maps. The materials parameters were optimized based on Ramberg-Osgood model. The DIC and simulation strain maps conformed to a large extent resulting in the verification of the model in micro-scale level. It was found that the Ramberg-Osgood theory can be used to capture the main trends of strain localization. The discrepancies between the simulated and DIC results were explained based on microstructure dimensionality, differences in spatial resolution and uncertainty in the FE-model.
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| 7. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructural strain distribution in ductile iron; comparison between finite element simulation and digital image correlation measurements
- 2016
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Ingår i: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 655, s. 27-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a study on microstructural deformation of a ferritic-pearlitic ductile iron, utilizing in-situ tensile testing, digital image correlation (DIC) and finite element analysis (FEA). For this purpose, the in-situ tensile test and DIC were used to measure local strain fields in the deformed microstructure. Furthermore, a continuum finite element (FE) model was used to predict the strain maps in the microstructure. Ferrite and pearlite parameters for the FE-model were optimized based on the Ramberg-Osgood relation. The DIC and simulation strain maps were compared qualitatively and quantitatively. Similar strain patterns containing shear bands in identical locations were observed in both strain maps. The average and localized strain values of the DIC and simulation conformed to a large extent. It was found that the Ramberg-Osgood model can be used to capture the main trends of strain localization. The discrepancies between the simulated and DIC results were explained based on the; (i) subsurface effect of the microstructure; (ii) differences in the strain spatial resolutions of the DIC and simulation and (iii) abrupt changes in strain prediction of the continuum FE-model in the interface of the phases due to the sudden changes in the elastic modulus. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
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| 8. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructural strain localization and crack evolution in ductile iron
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper focuses on the deformation and crack evolution in ductile iron under tension, investigated by coupled in-situ tensile test and finite element simulation. Micro-crack initiation and development were tracked at the microstructure level. The local strain around micro-cracks were measured by using Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The results obtained from the experiments were compared to a finite element model including cohesive elements to enable crack propagation. The resulting local strains were analyzed in connection to the observed micro-crack incidents in both DIC and simulation. The predictions of the finite element model showed good agreement with those obtained from the experiment, in the case of early decohesion, the amplitude of the strain localization and macroscopic stress-strain behavior. The results revealed that decohesion was commonly initiated early around graphite surrounded by ferrite which was identified as high strain regions. By increasing the global deformation, micro-cracks initiated in these areas and propagated but were arrested within the ferrite zone due to strain hardening and stress shielding of pearlite. Both the DIC and the simulation revealed that irregular shaped graphite were more susceptible to strain localization and micro-crack initiation. It could be observed that the cohesive model was able to capture the main trends of localized plastic deformation and crack initiation
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| 9. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructural strain mapping during in-situ cyclic testing of ductile iron
- 2018
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 140, s. 333-339
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on local strain distribution in the microstructure of high silicon ductile iron during cyclic loading. In-situ cyclic test was performed on compact-tension (CT) samples inside the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to record the whole deformation and obtain micrographs for microstructural strain measurement by means of digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Focused ion beam (FIB) milling was used to generate speckle patterns necessary for DIC measurement. The equivalent Von Mises strain distribution was measured in the microstructure at the maximum applied load. The results revealed a heterogeneous strain distribution at the microstructural level with higher strain gradients close to the notch of the CT sample and accumulated strain bands between graphite particles. Local strain ahead of the early initiated micro-cracks was quantitatively measured, showing high strain localization, which decreased by moving away from the micro-crack tip. It could be observed that the peak of strain in the field of view was not necessarily located ahead of the micro-cracks tip which could be because of the (i) strain relaxation due to the presence of other micro-cracks and/or (ii) presence of subsurface microstructural features such as graphite particles that influenced the strain concentration on the surface.
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| 10. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri
(författare)
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Microstructure and deformation behaviour of ductile iron under tensile loading
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The current thesis focuses on the deformation behaviour and strain distribution in the microstructure of ductile iron during tensile loading. Utilizing Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and in-situ tensile test under optical microscope, a method was developed to measure high resolution strain in microstructural constitutes. In this method, a pit etching procedure was applied to generate a random speckle pattern for DIC measurement. The method was validated by benchmarking the measured properties with the material’s standard properties.Using DIC, strain maps in the microstructure of the ductile iron were measured, which showed a high level of heterogeneity even during elastic deformation. The early micro-cracks were initiated around graphite particles, where the highest amount of local strain was detected. Local strain at the onset of the micro-cracks were measured. It was observed that the micro-cracks were initiated above a threshold strain level, but with a large variation in the overall strain.A continuum Finite Element (FE) model containing a physical length scale was developed to predict strain on the microstructure of ductile iron. The materials parameters for this model were calculated by optimization, utilizing Ramberg-Osgood equation. For benchmarking, the predicted strain maps were compared to the strain maps measured by DIC, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The DIC and simulation strain maps conformed to a large extent resulting in the validation of the model in micro-scale level.Furthermore, the results obtained from the in-situ tensile test were compared to a FE-model which compromised cohesive elements to enable cracking. The stress-strain curve prediction of the FE simulation showed a good agreement with the stress-strain curve that was measured from the experiment. The cohesive model was able to accurately capture the main trends of microscale deformation such as localized elastic and plastic deformation and micro-crack initiation and propagation.
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