| 1. |
- Eriksson, Axl, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis of Well-Ordered Functionalized Silicon Microwires Using Displacement Talbot Lithography for Photocatalysis
- 2024
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Ingår i: ACS Omega. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2470-1343. ; 9:18, s. 20623-20628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) is a cheap and scalable method that is commonly used to obtain silicon nano- or microwires but lacks spatial control. Herein, we present a synthesis method for producing vertical and highly periodic silicon microwires, using displacement Talbot lithography before wet etching with MACE. The functionalized periodic silicon microwires show 65% higher PEC performance and 2.3 mA/cm2 higher net photocurrent at 0 V compared to functionalized, randomly distributed microwires obtained by conventional MACE at the same potentials.
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| 2. |
- Kawde, Anurag, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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A microstructured p-Si photocathode outcompetes Pt as a counter electrode to hematite in photoelectrochemical water-splitting
- 2019
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Ingår i: Dalton Transactions. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1477-9226 .- 1477-9234. ; 48:4, s. 1166-1170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herein, we communicate about an Earth-abundant semiconductor photocathode (p-Si/TiO2/NiOx) as an alternative for the rare and expensive Pt as a counter electrode for overall photoelectrochemical water splitting. The proposed photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting device mimics the "Z"-scheme observed in natural photosynthesis by combining two photoelectrodes in a parallelillumination mode. A nearly 60% increase in the photocurrent density (Jph) for pristine α-Fe2O3 and a 77% increase in the applied bias photocurrent efficiency (ABPE) were achieved by replacing the conventionally used Pt cathode with an efficient, cost effective p-Si/TiO2/NiOx photocathode under parallel illumination. The resulting photocurrent density of 1.26 mA cm−2 at 1.23VRHE represents a new record performance for hydrothermally grown pristine α-Fe2O3 nanorod photoanodes in combination with a photocathode, which opens the prospect for further improvement by doping α-Fe2O3 or by its decoration with co-catalysts. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements suggest that this significant performance increase is due to the enhancement of the space-charge field in α-Fe2O3.
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| 3. |
- Kawde, Anurag, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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More than protection : the function of TiO2 interlayers in hematite functionalized Si photoanodes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 22:48, s. 28459-28467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Worldwide significant efforts are ongoing to develop devices that store solar energy as fuels. In one such approach, solar energy is absorbed by semiconductors and utilized directly by catalysts at their surfaces to split water into H2 and O2. To protect the semiconductors in these photo-electrochemical cells (PEC) from corrosion, frequently thin TiO2 interlayers are applied. Employing a well-performing photoanode comprised of 1-D n-Si microwires (MWs) covered with a mesoporous (mp) TiO2 interlayer fabricated by solution processing and functionalized with α-Fe2O3 nanorods, we studied here the function of this TiO2 interlayer by high-energy resolution fluorescence detected X-ray absorption near edge structure (HERFD-XANES) spectroscopy, along with X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and standard characterization techniques. Our data reveal that the TiO2 interlayer not only protects the n-Si MW surface from corrosion, but that it also acts as a template for the hydrothermal growth of α-Fe2O3 nanorods and improves the photocatalytic efficiency. We show that the latter effect correlates with the presence of stable oxygen vacancies at the interface between mp-TiO2 and α-Fe2O3, which act as electron traps and thereby substantially reduce the charge recombination rate at the hematite surface.
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| 4. |
- Kawde, Anurag, et al.
(författare)
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Photo-electrochemical hydrogen production from neutral phosphate buffer and seawater using micro-structured p-Si photo-electrodes functionalized by solution-based methods
- 2018
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Ingår i: Sustainable Energy & Fuels. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2398-4902. ; 2:10, s. 2215-2223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Solar fuels such as H2 generated from sunlight and seawater using earth-abundant materials are expected to be a crucial component of a next generation renewable energy mix. We herein report a systematic analysis of the photo-electrochemical performance of TiO2 coated, microstructured p-Si photoelectrodes (p-Si/TiO2) that were functionalized with CoOx and NiOx for H2 generation. These photocathodes were synthesized from commercial p-Si wafers employing wet chemical methods. In neutral phosphate buffer and standard 1 sun illumination, the p-Si/TiO2/NiOx photoelectrode showed a photocurrent density of 1.48 mA cm2 at zero bias (0 VRHE), which was three times and 15 times better than the photocurrent densities of p-Si/TiO2/CoOx and p-Si/TiO2, respectively. No decline in activity was observed over a five hour test period, yielding a Faradaic efficiency of 96% for H2 production. Based on the electrochemical characterizations and the high energy resolution fluorescence detected X-ray absorption near edge structure (HERFD-XANES) and emission spectroscopy measurements performed at the Ti Ka1 fluorescence line, the superior performance of the p-Si/TiO2/ NiOx photoelectrode was attributed to improved charge transfer properties induced by the NiOx coating on the protective TiO2 layer, in combination with a higher catalytic activity of NiOx for H2-evolution. Moreover, we report here an excellent photo-electrochemical performance of p-Si/TiO2/NiOx photoelectrode in corrosive artificial seawater (pH 8.4) with an unprecedented photocurrent density of 10 mA cm2 at an applied potential of 0.7 VRHE, and of 20 mA cm2 at 0.9 VRHE. The applied bias photon-to-current conversion efficiency (ABPE) at 0.7 VRHE and 10 mA cm2 was found to be 5.1%
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| 5. |
- Kawde, Anurag, et al.
(författare)
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Photoelectrochemical oxidation in ambient conditions using earth-abundant hematite anode : A green route for the synthesis of biobased polymer building blocks
- 2021
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Ingår i: Catalysts. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4344. ; 11:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study demonstrates the use of a photoelectrochemical device comprising earth-abundant hematite photoanode for the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), a versatile bio-based platform chemical, under ambient conditions in the presence of an electron mediator. The results obtained in this study showed that the hematite photoanode, upon doping with fluorine, can oxidize water even at lower pH (4.5 and 9.0). For 5-HMF oxidation, three different pH conditions were investigated, and complete oxidation to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) via 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) was achieved at pH above 12. At lower pH, the oxidation followed another route via 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), yielding 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) as the main product. Using the oxidized intermediates as substrates showed DFF to be most efficiently oxidized to FDCA. We also show that, at pH 4.5, the addition of the laccase enzyme promoted the oxidation of 5-HMF to FFCA.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Kawde, Anurag Y., 1984-
(författare)
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Advanced silicon photoelectrodes for water splitting devices : design, preparation and functional characterization by photo-electrochemistry and high-energy X-ray spectroscopy
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For the last century, mankind has been hugely dependent on fossil fuels to meet its energy needs. Harnessing energy from fossil fuels led to the emission of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases such as CO2 are a major contributor to global warming. Since the last decade, the global annual average temperature has increased by almost 1 oC, while the annual average temperature of Europe has increased by almost 1.7 oC. It is high time to find an alternative source of energy. Such an energy source must be renewable, sustainable, robust and free of greenhouse gases. Our earth has a non-stop supply of solar energy and water in oceans, harvesting energies from such resources will not only be clean but also inexpensive. Solar fuels such as H2 generated from sunlight and seawater using earth-abundant materials are expected to be a crucial component of a next generation renewable energy mix.My PhD research was thus focused on the use of solar energy to split water into molecular hydrogen and oxygen, a process that is referred to as ‘artificial photosynthesis’. This can be achieved with the help of semiconductor photocatalysts. As most of the earth crust has a high abundance of silicon (Si), I prepared my semiconductor photoelectrodes using Si. However, Si tends to degrade in an aqueous environment. Thus, my PhD research comprises the synthesis of microstructured Si photoelectrodes and their protection with a TiO2 inter layer followed by functionalization with various earth abundant co-catalysts. The study on the synthesis, morphology and elemental characterization of the photoelectrodes was carried out under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Johannes Messinger at the Chemistry Department of Umeå University. Deep insight on the electronic and atomic structure of the functionalized Si photoelectrodes was obtained by careful experiments at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) under the supervision of Dr. Pieter Glatzel. I investigated the electronic and geometric structural properties of my photocatalysts using inner shell electron spectroscopy, which is also referred to as ‘X-ray spectroscopy’. Thus, my PhD thesis falls under the broad title of “Artificial Photosynthesis and X-Ray Spectroscopy”. With the motivation of developing a bias free photoelectrochemical device for overall water splitting, I first developed cost effective earth abundant photocathodes. The experimental data and detailed analysis of the photocathodes are presented in Paper I. The best photocathode obtained in Paper I (p-Si/TiO2/NiOx) was then coupled with a well-studied FTO/α-Fe2O3 photoanode in parallel-illumination mode. The two most significant information obtained in Paper II were: 1) p-Si/TiO2/NiOx outcompetes Pt as a counter electrode and 2) a space charge region in the pristine hematite can be enhanced using p-Si/TiO2/NiOx as photocathode without bias or using any dopant. The proof of concept device studied in Paper II was further optimized in Paper III by replacing the FTO substrate with the n-Si MW to a obtain n-Si MW/TiO2/α-Fe2O3 photoanode. A record high photocurrent density of 5.6 mA/cm2 was achieved for the undoped hematite photoanode. I also found out that the TiO2 inter layer plays a crucial role in enhancing the overall device performance. The role of TiO2 was thus further studied using valence to core X-ray emission spectroscopy, which opened a new avenue for identifying and investigating the prime components in such devices. Paper I to III discuss the role of TiO2 and of the co-catalysts towards solar water splitting and thus the only material left to study was the Si substrate. For paper IV, a detailed analysis on Si substrate was performed. The electronic structural changes on Si LII, III edge was studied using X-ray Raman spectroscopy. The X-ray spectroscopic studies presented in papers I to III were performed at the ID-26 beamline at ESRF, while the X-ray Raman Spectroscopy presented in Paper IV was performed at the ID-20 beamline at ESRF. The data presented in Paper IV is preliminary and needs to be processed and analyzed further.
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| 9. |
- Kubin, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy of metalloproteins and high-valent metal-complexes at room temperature using free-electron lasers
- 2017
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Ingår i: Structural Dynamics. - : AMER INST PHYSICS. - 2329-7778. ; 4:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the L-edge of 3d transition metals provides unique information on the local metal charge and spin states by directly probing 3d-derived molecular orbitals through 2p-3d transitions. However, this soft x-ray technique has been rarely used at synchrotron facilities for mechanistic studies of metalloenzymes due to the difficulties of x-ray-induced sample damage and strong background signals from light elements that can dominate the low metal signal. Here, we combine femtosecond soft x-ray pulses from a free-electron laser with a novel x-ray fluorescence-yield spectrometer to overcome these difficulties. We present L-edge absorption spectra of inorganic high-valent Mn complexes (Mn similar to 6-15 mmol/l) with no visible effects of radiation damage. We also present the first L-edge absorption spectra of the oxygen evolving complex (Mn4CaO5) in Photosystem II (Mn < 1 mmol/l) at room temperature, measured under similar conditions. Our approach opens new ways to study metalloenzymes under functional conditions. (C) 2017 Author(s).
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| 10. |
- Temperton, Robert H., et al.
(författare)
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Dip-and-pull ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy as a spectroelectrochemistry tool for probing molecular redox processes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 157:24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) can provide a compelling platform for studying an analyte's oxidation and reduction reactions in solutions. This paper presents proof-of-principle operando measurements of a model organometallic complex, iron hexacyanide, in an aqueous solution using the dip-and-pull technique. The data demonstrates that the electrochemically active liquid meniscuses on the working electrodes can undergo controlled redox reactions which were observed using APXPS. A detailed discussion of several critical experimental considerations is included as guidance for anyone undertaking comparable experiments.
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